Business Regulations

Business Entities, Laws, and Regulations Paper Dorian Rowe BUS/415 Shaun Koenig November 14, 2011 Businesses in every industry have to deal with entities, laws, and regulations. Management teams have to take into account items such as consideration of control, taxation, and liability issues among others. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the restaurant/bar, professional practice, and construction scenarios. For each scenario the business entity that represents the best choice for each business, ownership structure, taxation, and liability issues for consideration. Identification of laws and regulations each business must consider in starting the business, and identification of risks against which each business must protect itself will also be examined for each scenario. Scenario 1 Cynthia and Mark plan to open a sports bar and restaurant where customers socialize and watch sporting events on large-screen TVs that hang around the bar. They do not have much money, but they do have Sandra, a wealthy investor who does not have time to participate in the business, but wants to provide capital to start the business in return for a percentage ownership (University of Phoenix, 2010). The business entity that represents the best choice for this business is a general partnership that two or more people can form. Taking control would consist with the three co-owners to make a partnership agreement in which each partner has equal rights in which to participate in the managing and controlling of the business. A majority rules over disagreements within the partnership situation and amendments to the agreement would require consent from all three owners. Each individual is responsible for his or her tax forms. Liability issues that should be taken into consideration include the unlimited personal liability for company loses, for a partner’s debts, for a partner’s transgressions. Laws and regulations the business must consider in starting the business deal with duration that technically a general partnership terminates with withdrawal of a co-owner, death or disability and sharing profits. Scenario 2 Renaldo and Naomi have just completed all educational and experiential requirements to be licensed as obstetricians. They want to open a birth clinic together. They will take out a large loan to finance start-up costs (University of Phoenix, 2010). Renaldo and Naomi are newly license as obstetricians and want to open a birth clinic together. Both will need to take out a huge loan to finance their start-up amounts. Renaldo and Naomi would be best to create a limited liability partnership (LLP) to organize their business. By forming the LLP, the partners protect themselves from liability beyond their initial capital contribution should the partnership fail or face a lawsuit. Members of an LLP are also not personally liable for the malpractice of one partner and states require LLP to carry substantial liability insurance in exchange for this limited liability. The limited liability protects Renaldo and Naomi from taking personal responsibility for the loan they will take out should the business become insolvent (Cheeseman, 2010). Forming an LLP ensures that Renaldo and Naomi retain control of their business because they are the only shareholders. For tax purposes, an LLP is not taxed as a separate entity so Akiva Renaldo and Naomi will only pay tax for the business profits on their individual tax returns. To form their LLP, Renaldo and Naomi will need to write and file articles of partnership in the state in which they wish to operate. If they choose to conduct business in another state, they will first need to register as a foreign LLP with that state. Organizing their business as a limited liability partnership offers Renaldo and Naomi the best combination of liability protection, tax benefits, and control of their business (Cheeseman, 2010). Scenario 3 Mei-Lin is the hiring manager for Surebuild, Inc. , a new construction company. She has advertised a position as a jackhammer operator. The position’s description states that the successful applicant must have a high school diploma. The following people apply for the position: Donna, 35, who appears to be pregnant, is a high school graduate, and was formerly employed as a jackhammer operator; Duane, 55, who is experienced with a jackhammer, but has no high school diploma; Rick, who is 38, does not speak English, has no high school diploma, but is experienced with a jackhammer; and Jennifer, 23, a college graduate, who is epileptic and has no experience with a jackhammer (University of Phoenix, 2010). Duane and Rick automatically do not qualify because they do not have a high school diploma that is a specified requirement in the job description. Donna and Jennifer do because they each have a diploma and from there the employee with the most experience should be hired. As an epileptic the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) protects Jennifer, but because Donna has experience and Jennifer does not Donna is more qualified. Although Donna is pregnant the employment law and regulation with which the business must comply in making a decision would be the amended 1964 Pregnancy Discrimination Act from the Title VII of the Civil Rights Act. The Pregnancy Discrimination Act covers employers with more than 15 employees including local and state government governments, employment agencies, labor organizations. The basis of pregnancy, childbirth, or related medical conditions constitutes unlawful sex discrimination under Title VII, and to the federal government. The Pregnancy Discrimination Act says that an employer simply cannot refuse to hire a woman who is pregnant because of pregnancy, pregnancy-related conditions or because of the bias of fellow coworkers or customers. In this scenario Donna is fully qualified for the job because of her high school diploma and her previous experience as a jackhammer operator, therefore; pregnancy cannot be the reason she is not hired. Each business decision is unique and requires research to determine what solution is correct for the business. Every organization must consider the different types of business entities, laws, and regulations before and during operating. Laws and regulations provide the framework to compliance of local, state, and federal business laws. Stakeholder understanding and knowledge of these laws is essential to compliance. Documented training and retraining of management and employees should ensure compliance. References Cheeseman, H. R. (2010). The legal environment of business and online commerce (6th ed. ). Retrieved from https://ecampus. phoenix. edu/content/eBookLibrary2/content/TOC. aspx? assetdataid=fb9bdcea-ca02-48cc-b883-c1cf12695559&assetmetaid=61859383-2c36-48f5-8ac2-4a24e5c61e14 University of Phoenix. (2010). Syllabus. Retrieved from University of Phoenix, BUS 415 website

The simplicity with which Brutus speaks is what makes his voice so powerful

Dennis Brutus is an internationally known poet whose poems centre on his sufferings and those of his fellow blacks in South Africa under apartheid. His outspoken protests against apartheid led to an 18-month prison term on Robben Island. He has written many poems regarding his imprisonment and the horrors of the regime in South Africa. Brutus exhibits a restrained artistic control when writing his poems, which record his experiences of misery and loneliness as a political prisoner. His language and versification are simple and direct. If anything, the hardship and suffering are understated with the result that the experiences described are conveyed with even greater force. The natural elements and symbolism used by Brutus assists him in writing his poems. Using such pleasant descriptive features to describe the violence, gives it even more impact. â€Å"Cold† is a short and compact poem with the title itself referring to a form of discomfort felt by Brutus whilst being imprisoned. The opening lines of the poem convey more of the distress experienced by Brutus. â€Å"The clammy cement sucks our naked feet† The sensory description of the cement sucking up the moisture from their ‘naked feet' seems as if life itself is being extracted from the individuals. His choice of words is extremely effective as he uses ‘naked' rather than bare. This implying that they were deprived of their human rights and dehumanised. With the additional description regarding the surroundings and actions of the prisoners, ‘the stubbled grass wet with three o' clock dew,' – ‘stuff with our fingers the sugarless pap into our mouths,' the situation concerning the prisoners appears to become more dismal. The fact that they ‘stuffed' the food into their mouth conveys that they were given a limited amount of time to eat it; furthermore, they had been deprived of their food since then. Additionally, the ‘three o' clock dew' signifies the early hours in which they had to wake for their long journey allowing the reader to understand the harshness of their regime. Throughout the poem, an impression of the surroundings is gained to be nondescript due to the insipid colours used to describe the surroundings. The ‘rheumy yellow bulb' that ‘lights a damp grey wall' gives the notion of everything being weak and the prisoners being in impoverish conditions. Brutus does not state any of his emotions, whether they are of anger, anguish or sorrow – it is left to the reader to interpret the graveness of the conditions. Brutus simply writes the state of affairs he is in, however, it is only until the closing stages of the poem does Brutus mention the fact that his ankles and wrists are chained. One wonders why such a significant factor is stated at the end of the poem rather than the beginning of it. It shows to a certain extent that Brutus does not want to gain sympathy from the reader seeing that otherwise he would have said this earlier, alongside elaborating on the other factors of discomfort and deprivation that he has previously cited. It is only after the reader realises that the prisoners are chained do they clearly perceive the full picture. The fact that the prisoners are made to walk with ‘naked feet', at three o' clock in the morning, is barely comprehendible. However, when one realises that their ankles and wrists are chained, the sympathy for the prisoners intensifies. The poem finishes with words of understatement as Brutus states, ‘we begin to move awkwardly.' He is understating the difficulty and pain felt by himself and the prisoners. It can be seen again that Brutus does not care to gain sympathy from the reader and so minimizes the actual torture and misery he and his inmates feel. Brutus does not need to elaborate on the extent of his discomfort. He merely states the situation he is in, in the simplest of terms and seemingly disregards it and imparts to a different topic discarding all emotions. Felt o the previous topic. However academic speaking in language, every reader understands the content of the poem – It is concise and to the point. There are a number of essential opponents that make the poem so powerful. The overall depth of the poem is conceived by the simplicity. Alongside the themes of discomfort and imprisonment that are conveyed from Brutus' poems, the reader also gains the impression of how the poet accepts the situation in hand without giving in. Brutus acknowledges the circumstances he is in and does what he can to think of the experience in prison as beneficial as can be for him. He is aware of the fact that there is no point in resisting the regime and subsequently has to come to terms with the conditions. In '10', an ever-present optimistic view is taken to the lifestyle owed to his imprisonment, unlike ‘Cold' where the reader can deeply sense the deprivation. The structure of the two poems is similar as there is neither rhythm nor rhyme in the irregular numbered verses, each containing independent actions. In '10,' Brutus accentuates certain things, which he is grateful for. However, it has to be taken into account that the poem is a letter to a family member (Martha) therefore he may have been not telling the entire truth of the situation as wanting to assure the recipient that it was ‘not all terror and deprivation.' The poet states how he comes to ‘welcome the closer contact and understanding one achieves with one's fellow-men, fellows, compeers;' One cannot help but observe the repetition of the word ‘fellow.' It seems as if Brutus is trying to emphasise that the prisoners are all equals and share the same aims. They gain understanding and comfort from each other due to the fact that they are in the same situation. Furthermore, Brutus states how the ‘discipline does much to force a shape and pattern on one's daily life as well as on the days.' The regime of the prison is his purpose to cling onto life, as he does not want the days to merge into night. Such things as the time of rising, lights out and meal times give the days ‘shape' and regularity – a ritual of existence. By looking at things from a certain point of view, Brutus turns things to his own advantage. He refers to hard labour as ‘honest toil' that ‘offers some redeeming hours for the wasted years,' making life worthwhile. He does not regard the hard labour as torment or agony; instead, he refers to it as if it is something that he enjoys. The way in which Brutus accepts the situation without giving in, allows him to cope with the humiliation and pressures of prison. The strength of mind and the importance of positive thinking is vital when living in such circumstances where he and the prisoners are referred to, by the wardens, with derogatory terms such as ‘rats.' In ‘Cold' Brutus states how he and the prisoners, ‘steel' themselves ‘into fortitude' signifying to a certain extent that they have the physical and mental capacity to survive whatever they are up against and tolerate everything forced onto them for good to prevail. ‘Savouring to the full its bitterness and seeking to escape nothing,' the prisoners can only find it deep within themselves to find something that keeps intact their mental health and refreshes them of the enmity. Throughout the poems, Brutus refers to nature when, escaping from the ‘hostile' sanctums of the prison. He compares his mind, when ‘bright and restful' to the, ‘full calm morning sea.' Even though the sea is something that he cannot observe, it does not prevent him from thinking about it – A good time for a fresh start. Several references to the sky are also made – ‘the mind turns upwards when it can.' Rather than looking down and being dispirited, Brutus looks up toward the sky and remains hopeful despite the situation he is in. This is oxymoronic due to the fact that the situation is hopeless yet Brutus still has hope in his mind and heart to overcome the hostility of the prison. He values the simple things of life whilst looking out of the confines of the prison such as the stars. The stars are something beyond his worldly situation, which signify hopes and dreams. When Brutus refers to the ‘Southern Cross flowering low' in ‘Cold', he may have been implying that the two countering religions were in close proximity to fusion as the Southern Cross represents a unifying religious movement. Even though, ‘the arcs and fluorescents' block the stars out, the Southern Cross is still visible to Brutus, due to its bright intensity. The sky, stars and the birds aid Brutus add to the impact of the poetry. Their connection to his family, however slender, assists him in surviving. He contemplates whether the clouds that he is observing are being ‘seen by those at home.' Such trivial matters of ones daily life seem so significant to the one of Brutus whose imprisonment makes him value and fantasise what one may take for granted, such as the ‘complex aeronautics of the birds.' Brutus uses his mind to escape from the sanctums of the prison and interact with his family. In the poem, ‘For a Dead African' Dennis Brutus does not use his mind to escape and fantasise of the upcoming events, but states these things with such assurance that one gains the impression that there is nothing that can stop it from occurring and will so in the near future. The simplicity in the poem, ‘For A Dead African,' is what makes it so powerful. The poem has a conventional rhythm and rhyme with the first and third lines of each verse rhyming with each other. The content of the poem is deeper than the others and the sombre title signifies this. The first two verses illustrate the negative aspects of the continuous struggle against apartheid, which is unusual as Brutus generally holds an optimistic view toward his imprisonment. Nevertheless, here he talks of the ‘victims of a sickly state,' signifying the fact that South Africa was not presided over by a government that was conclusive. Brutus also uses natural imagery to illustrate the beatings and punishments, which were experienced by the Africans. ‘succumbing to the variegated sores that flower under lashing rains of hate.' It is interesting the way in which Brutus uses such pleasant descriptive features to exemplify the hatred. ‘Lashing,' signifying the heavy downpour of hatred upon the Africans, resulting in ‘variegated sores' to appear. The second verse of the poem does not state the true adversity, when it states the ‘accidental dyings in the dark.' Of course, they did not occur on ‘eyeless nights' nor were they ‘accidental' but they were jus put down to it, as people did not want to protest. Again the reader sees the understatement presented by Brutus. However, it is the last verse of ‘For A Dead African,' that truly represents the talent of Brutus. The optimism from the last verse excels, alongside the ability Brutus possesses of conceiving the depth of the message. It can be seen that Brutus believes strongly in his theme of having to endure the pain for there to be anything commendable resulting from it. Brutus believes that they will be freed from the tyranny and that the ‘nameless unarmed ones will stand beside the warriors who secured the final prize.' Everybody will have contributed to the freeing of their land. The certainty Brutus holds of predicting this to occur is what makes his voice so powerful. Simply stating actions or descriptions with neither doubt nor contradiction is what makes his poems prevailing. Brutus has the talent of making the reader see and believe what he himself sees and believes doing this, just through the power of words. When Brutus refers to the ‘walls of bleak hostility,' it is a curt comment describing the austere conditions of the prison. However, with these words and the force applied to them, the reader cannot refrain from sympathising with the prisoner due to the conditions he is in. Even though one would think that the tone used in Brutus' poems would be subjective, the majority of the time it is objective. He simply states the state of affairs and leaves the rest up to the reader to infer. Brutus does not emphasise certain things nor does he look for the reader's sympathy and condolences. Conclusively I think it is Brutus' ability to speak in such simplistic terms with such assurance and confirmation of the events taking place and subsequently to take place in the near future, is what makes his voice so powerful.

The Cubist Movement and Les Demoiselles dAvignon Essay

The Cubist Movement and Les Demoiselles dAvignon - Essay Example The essay "The Cubist Movement and Les Demoiselles d’Avignon" investigates the role of Pablo Picasso in the context of cubism. His focus on emotions was a reaction to the perfectionism of the photograph and the machine age and a justification for the continuation of the art of painting as an art form. The approach they took was to portray the realism of the subject by breaking the established rules of art in order to explore images or reflections of pure emotion. Lyotard describes this process as an attempt â€Å"to make visible that there is something which can be conceived and which can neither be seen nor made visible†. This â€Å"something that can be conceived but not seen nor made visible† is often referred to as the sublime, a quality of transcendent greatness â€Å"with which nothing else can be compared and which is beyond all possibility of calculation, measurement or imitation†. The presence of this sublime element, then, inspires the imaginatio n in a specific direction based on which elements remain visible or understandable. Its significance is in the way in which it brings attention to the uncertainty of meaning inherent in the work, such that no resolution makes itself apparent and the viewer is forced to come to an understanding of his or her own. This establishes a communication between the art, the artist and the viewer that goes beyond the image on the canvas and remains individual for each viewer. For artists of the Modernism, to achieve this sublime element meant to throw away the training.

Introduce a new product (you pick product) Research Proposal

Introduce a new product (you pick product) - Research Proposal Example It has fully utilized primary sources like the questioners and personal interviews together with a variety of secondary sources in gauging the demand for the named product in the beverage industry. The analysis obtained positive results whereby most people who like soft drinks more often than not buy cakes or biscuits as they claimed that the combination of the two delivered much fulfilling refreshment. However, others were quite skeptical of the product and therefore much advertisement and sensitization is necessary in order to convince more people to like the product. The proposal also recommends that one method of popularizing the product, by distributing the Cola Biscuits together with other Coca-Cola products like Fanta, Coke, and Sprite. This way they will attract more attention and consequently generate more revenue through increased sales. Case studies have also shown that most Coca-Cola customers usually take the beverages with other snacks like cakes and biscuits. This pres ents a great opportunity for the Coca-Cola Company to expand more by diversifying its products to suit the customers’ needs. Finally, this proposal recognizes the heightened competition that the brand new product will face and recommends for an aggressive marketing strategy to counter similar products from other companies. Since its inception, the Coca-Cola Company has been operating in the beverage industry with its main products being the soft drinks and mineral water. However, there are many supplementary products sold together with Fanta, Daso, Coke, and Sprite. Most people like taking Sodas with biscuits, cakes, or doughnuts but their main allure is the biscuits. In every Coca-Cola retail store, there are these products from other companies meaning that these go hand in hand with the products of the Coca-Cola Company. Therefore, there is need by the Coca-Cola Company to tap into these prospective customers to be able to sell only its products in the retail stores spread

Rhetorical Analysis of Academic Communities of Writing and Discourse Essay

Rhetorical Analysis of Academic Communities of Writing and Discourse in the Technical Fields - Essay Example Notably, each journal has its own purpose and has defined academic traits and levels of academic integrity that authors and contributors should have. This paper will present a rhetorical analysis of five journals using an article from each of the journals as an example, and highlighting the differences and similarities in the purpose, content, use of tone and language. This journal contains both English and French articles and invites peers to review articles in different publications. The purpose of the journal is publishing articles related to fundamental studies of the transfer processes on thermal aspects as well as related applications. It has a defined scope of the articles it publishes which must be related to thermal processes in physics. The reason why this journal publishes in both English and French in an effort to increase the readers considering these languages are the most widely used international languages. One of the articles selected from this journal titled â€Å"thermal conductivity measurement of amorphous si/ sige multilayer films by three omega method,† it becomes evident that the journal places emphasis on the use of an academic tone while presenting the research finding (Shen et al 20). The structure of presentation of the research findings should be very elaborate as revealed in this article. Moreover, the authors contributing articles to this journal must back up their finding with graphical representations, diagrams, and illustrations as required by the physics field. Since the journal targets readers who are either students specializing in the field or other professional with advanced knowledge in the field, the tone and language level reflect an advanced academic level (Shen et al 22). This journal targets to cover articles that discuss any of the scientific and technological processes related to fatigue. In this case, the

Institute for Regenerative Medicine (CIRM) Essay

Institute for Regenerative Medicine (CIRM) - Essay Example This, therefore, has resulted to an open innovation concept where organizations discover that all the components of innovation do not have to originate from within the institution. However, they can increase or accelerate their efforts by obtaining the required technology from external sources. Sources, that is of the same minds with them but use a different method in producing their goods and services. Henry in his book, ‘The New Imperative for Creating and Profiting from Technology’, describes external innovation as the â€Å"act of allowing external information derived from sources such as cooperation with universities or (corporate) venture capital efforts to be part of a company’s innovation process and permeating the company`s boundaries from outside to inside† (Henry, 2006). The concept of outdoor innovation is one of many pathways shaped in the company. This is to allow new product thoughts to tour inside and outside the firm’s borders and to be bundled with exterior skills and knowledge. One of the organizations that have undergone enormous innovation due to the external thoughts is the California Institute for Regenerative Medicine (CIRM). California Institute for Regenerative Medicine is an organization that improved the development of therapies and potential cures based on the stem cell science (Michael & Panetta, 2005). In November 2004, voters provided three billion dollars for the stem research. California has a massive biotech industry that spreads around San Diego and San Francisco, this pool of funds is used for innovation. The funds also helped in enhancing research and creating job at the university level and in confidential sectors. The California Institute for Regenerating Medicine created an oversight that determined how and where grants were to be made and the organization. The California institute for regenerating medicine also defined on the allocation of funds in order to meet the set mission. The org anization had to focus on innovations both internal and external by carrying out research on product development and clinical trials. The California Institute for Regenerative Medicine later specially made an external evaluation of its strategy procedures and policies that they afterward implemented. The main purpose of employing an external review was to come up with ways of evaluating CIRM`s precedent performance. The review also provided a recommendation on what to be put in place for long term success. CIRM conducted a public meeting on different days with Governing Board`s heads and those who took part in the Review. This helped them to understand fully what CIRM entails, and what is needed for CIRM to achieve its goals. Towards the end of the year 2006, the CIRM published the first magazine to define its scientific strategic plan. This plan served as an outline for the procedures and programs implementations. This plan has helped the institute in its progress thus, being able to register a remarkable progress in the subsequent years. The institute has progressed much in areas of management or leadership, industry appointments, product growth and group prioritization. The institute achieves this while it continues to look after the people and science that will drive them forward CIRM’s first objective has been to support research at the uppermost level of scientific merit. These objectives have been achieved and in return, significantly improved

People, Management & Organisations Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

People, Management & Organisations - Case Study Example It is clear from the case study that Cox’s Container Company is suffering from several internal issues related to the workplace culture and organizational behaviour. It is highly important for an organization to adopt and implement effective change management process in order to overcome the current issues and challenges. However, it is highly important for the Cox’s Container Company to implement change management process in the organizational culture in order to enhance strategy development and decision making process. In addition to this, it will help the organization to overcome the current issues that is affecting the profitability and business performance of the organization. This case analysis will outline and analyze the current internal issues and problems related to the organizational structure, organizational behaviour and work culture of the company. In addition to this, this report will discuss about motivation and change management theory that can be imple mented in the management of the organization in order to overcome the issues. Lastly, the study will provide some recommendation plans in order to overcome the current issues. Being one of the leading and profitable organizations, the management of the Cox’s Container Company failed to overcome the organizational behaviour related issue. The organization was founded by Harold Cox. This part of study will outline and analyze the problems that are affecting the business performance of the organization. The management of the organization was following family ownership structure. It can be considered as the consideration, adoption and implementation of the centralized decision making process. The organization faced several issues due to the adoption of centralized decision making process. It is highly important for an organization to ensure effective strategy development and decision making process in order to overcome the issues (Buchanan and Huczynski, 2010, p.73). Poor

Soccer Injures Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Soccer Injures - Essay Example analysis and assessment of the development of frameworks to address the incidence of sports-related injuries cannot be conducted successfully unless consensus on this issue is established (483). Overuse injuries in soccer or other athletic sports are classified by two elements – given the injury is characterized by a steady and measured onset and the occurrence of recurring microtrauma (Roos and Marshall 405). Evidence-based medicine comprises of the assessment of therapies which are supported by extensive research regarding their efficacy, usefulness and effectiveness with regards to rehabilitating individuals who have sustained an injury while playing soccer. References to high school athletes and college athletes have been conducted to distinguish between players who are representing their team on each level of academia. This distinction is important to distinguish between variability in statistics for each level of soccer participation. Professional athletes are individuals participating in any professional and recognized soccer league across Americas and Europe including Major League Soccer (MLS), Barclays Premier League and La Liga. The causes of soccer injuries such as concussions are defined as a direct collision or impact either on the head or any other part of the body as a consequence of which the resultant force is transported towards the brain whereby, the brain attracts the transmittal of the force towards it (Edwards and Bodle 128). These outcomes include negative impact on neurological activity, cognitive functioning, headaches, sleep-related issues, decline in level of concentration, reduction in attention span, changes in personality caused by irritability and psychological disorders including major depressive disorders (Edwards and Bodle 129-130). Soccer injuries negatively and adversely impact an individual’s physical and psychological wellbeing depending upon the nature of the injury or whether its sustained impacts are

Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 74

Assignment Example concept that was created in the Twentieth Century, and it stresses on the decentralization of government powers, but not equal sharing of government responsibilities between local, state and federal institution and agencies (Grant 257). This implies that both federal and state governments are concurrently independent and interdependent with a common region of financial resources and functions. Therefore, it is difficult for a single government to accumulate all the powers. The courts affect the sovereignty of the state particularly when the laws are unconstitutional (Grant 257). However, the most significant question is who determines what is unconstitutional. The state authority usually has the power to declare any Congress’ law unconstitutional by using the right reasoning method. Additionally, the primary function of a state government is to protect its citizens and their common good. State Court judges usually swear to uphold the constitution while federal court judges do not. Poor states cannot offer benefits that rich states can provide, yet state citizens whether poor or rich are equally considered as American citizens. National citizenship is responsible for addressing these inequalities. Another example is that cooperative federalism blurs the thin line between national and state responsibility (Grant 261). This encourages people to express their interest at the government level that offer the best opportunity of success. Yes. This is because early supporters of Washington Administration were known as Federalists because they advocated for a strong national government that outweighed state governments (Grant 261). Those who were in the opposition became Republicans since they felt that a strong national government would undermine the functions of states’ governments, which forms the United States of America. Federalists then became what is presently known as democrats. Even in the current U.S. government, the democrats are in the government while

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Joseph Rudyard Kipling Essay Example for Free

Joseph Rudyard Kipling Essay The study room was surprisingly empty. The door was crying out for some one to come open it. The papers lying on the table were rustling out loud, almost as if giving a signal to use them. Beside were pens lying and whispering for someone to pick them up. The chair was looming for someone to come and use it for comfort. Slowly the door opens with a crack. There, enters a man: always with a look of confidence and pride showing away to everyone. A man loved by everyone for his work which was presented to the public. This person was none other then Kipling: a poet, novelist and not to forget an imperialist. The time period was around the 18th century when British established their rule over India. Another term for taking over was known as IMPERIALSIM: when a strong nation like British takes over a weaker region like India. Once they take over, they dominate the regions politically, economically and culturally (Imperialism 8). As every country wants to keep their own culture and have their own rule, India was against British rule. The only people who supported them were the Sikhs. When countries took over foreign lands, they expected the natives to practice their culture inferior to their own (Imperialism 9). This was called the white mans burden. Later on there was a popular poem named the same written by Kipling. Joseph Rudyard Kipling was a blessed child born to be an English writer and a Nobel Prize winner to John Lockwood Kipling: an artist, a scholar and a capable writer, and to Alice Macdonald. Kipling was a man who wrote novels, poems, and short stories, mostly set in India and Burma (now known as Myanmar) during the time of British rule. He was born on December 30, 1865 in Mumbai, India. His first name Joseph which was never used as it was his fathers father name, except for his baptism in the cathedral. His second name Rudyard was named after the place, Rudyard River where his father and mother first met. As a child of a rich family, he never got the tender love and playing time with mother like most middle or low class children would. Instead he was bought up by an ayah. As being raised by native servants meant affection and intimacy, and that intimacy meant, above all, that he learned their language, Hindustani (Rudyard Kipling 19). He was sent to England for better education at the age of six to a foster home. There he received unkind treatment which he later expressed in the short story Baa Baa Black Sheep in the novel The Light That Failed. At the age of 13, Kipling entered Services College: an institution specialized in training for entry into military academies. Unfortunately his poor eyesight and other factors shredded his hopes for a military career. He returned to India at the age of sixteen. In 1882 he started working as a journalist in Lahore for the Civil and Military Gazette: a local newspaper where he wrote and edited short stories. Gazette was an excellent way of building up the knowledge of India that was going to make him as a writer (Rudyard Kipling 42). In 1887 he was promoted to the staff of the Allahabad paper, Pioneer: a sister paper with much higher standard then the Gazette as an assistant editor. India and Kipling had been made for each other. She gave him what no other English writer was ever to experience in comparable fullness and intensity; .. As her mark was set on him for life: with the exception of some travel pieces, seven or eight stories and a few dozen poems all his best work reflects or remembers India (Rudyard Kipling 52). This statement shows us that he had a passion for India: all the colors and sounds and smells made an impression on him that was distinctive as well as deep (Rudyard Kipling 20). Almost every novel he wrote, short stories or poems were all connected to the life he spent in India. He loved his child hood days he spent in India give me the first six years of a childs life and you can have the rest (Something of myself). His novels described the setting (India) very well especially, its beauty as a country, the culture and the distinct features it has as a diverse country. Kipling was an imperialist. He believed it was right and proper for Britain to own India and rule the people (www. english-literature. com). He accepted the Empire as it stood and he approved the annexation of Upper Burma (Rudyard Kipling 52). He was one of the few people who approved the right of British to rule India. He wrote books and poem supporting the fact that British has the right to rule. Famous poem was the white mans burden and a popular novel named KIM. It is a novel that embodies his attitude towards British rule in India which these days are wholly unacceptable and unpalatable (www. english-literature. com). Even though he resided in India and was an Anglo-Indian he still supported British. Though he considerable colonial experience in India as well as sympathy for Asians, his writing clearly reflects the British and imperial attitude (Rudyard Kipling 67). Enough comments were made about the novel KIM such as a master work of imperialism .. Rich and absolutely fascinating. But nevertheless profoundly embarrassing novel (Edward, www. english-literature. com). Kipling is the man who is remembered for his celebration of British imperialism and heroism in India and Burma (Rudyard Kipling, 53). He is the man who is still remembered by everyone including kids by reading his wonderful work of writings written for us. Common examples are Jungle book, KIM, famous short stories such as Rikki-Tikki-Tavi, the Naulahka are to name a few. His love for India was incomparable to any Anglo-Indian, it shown in almost every novel which had a setting of India. Kipling should be as thankful to India as India should be thankful for him. Kipling introduced a new type of story and brought out the knowledge of India more to other people around the world by having it included in his stories. He made a difference in the world of writing by producing great novels such as Barrack-Room Ballads, etc. Kiplings life and work are extraordinary unlike those of any other English writer (Rudyard Kipling 1). He was the first Englishman to receive the Nobel Prize for literature. Kipling is man who left marks in the world of today by using his ability to remind about him and his works constantly. BIBLIOGRAPHY Book Amis, Kingsley Rudyard Kipling and his world. Great Britain, 1975 Handout given my Mr. Quan for Imperialism. Websites  http://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/h2g2/A5316798

Consumer Behaviour within LOreal

Consumer Behaviour within LOreal In the latter half of the 20th century a rapid growth of the global market resulted in a significant increase in the amount of brands and products present in most, if not all, industries with a focus on the end consumers. Companies are obliged to identify the underlying aesthetic reasons for the consumption as consumers have access to numerous choices. This alteration causes a need for differentiation in order to beat the competition by offering products that not only fulfil basic needs but also add value to the lifestyle customers desire to be a part of. Such brand intangible features of the brands that do not include any explicit qualities, are vital for providing exclusive aesthetic experiences for their customers. The objective of a company is to create an image, a sign of recognition and quality (Schmitt Simonson, 1997). Positive memories created in consumers minds can provide loyalty and premium price setting in the future as people are keen to return to the brands that previously delivered trustworthy satisfaction. The expansion of benefits of a strong brand is crucial (Keller Lehmann, 2006). The company behind the strong brand may, for example, gain easier access to new markets by utilising a brand extension- the process where novel products are released under the existing brand. This strategy effectively stimulates a feeling of recognition and approval the consumer might have towards the original brand line. The professional hair care industry serve as a good example where creating an aesthetic experience plays a big part in influencing consumer behaviour. For instance, we have experienced that many styling products often serve little utilitarian purpose and are not necessarily useful from a practical point of view; nevertheless these products seem to create intangible value and significance for the user. Professional styling products are being sold exclusively in hair salons and departmental stores where a symbolic atmosphere is created. The whole buying process is shaped around generating a social interaction, impulse and feeling. As a result hair product customer is not only influenced by the companies visual output but also by becoming emotionally connected with organisational values and beliefs. People often purchase products spontaneously without any clear consideration whether a certain product is actually needed or worth the price paid. Mick DeMoss (1990), suggest that this self -gifting phenomenon is provoked by the endeavour to motivate and indulge, relieve stress or just do something nice for oneself. Paula Begoun, author of the book Dont Go Shopping for Hair-Care Products without Me (1999), explains in an interview to CBS news (2005), that wasting money is not beautiful at all and asks the question: What is sexy and attractive about rinsing money down the drain? She finishes with the statement that, There is absolutely no difference between expensive products and inexpensive products, and I say that unequivocally. Why do people buy expensive styling products although there are cheaper, easily accessible hair care alternatives? Does the answer rest in getting cleaner, shinier hair or to obtain a confirmation that individuals by using these products will feel beautiful and indeed fit in the picture organisations create? Lastly, are there winning strategies for organisations to pursue in order to beat the competition in this multi-billion industry? This essay discusses the consumer buying behaviour for hair care products. This paper also discusses how marketers address these consumer behaviours using LOreal as an example. Consumer buying behaviour Society, individuals and organisations create a never-ending cycle in which the three largely affect each other. In order to be a part of the society, people have to fulfil certain unwritten norms and communicate in a way that is widely accepted and understood by other members of that same culture (Bowditch Buono, 2005). Consequentially, individuals often base their purchases on these premises to fit in within the group. According to McCracken (1986) this is a cause for organisations to constantly redevelop their product lines in order to match the expectations in society. When this occurs, cultural norms are passed on in products. When these later are purchased the meaning is once more shifted, this time to the customer, and the continuous cultural circle of society, individuals and organisations transform once more (please refer to the figure below). Figure: Transfer of cultural meaning, McCracken (1986). Beauty is a subject which is difficult to grasp especially since it is perceived differently and related to various cultural or social norms. Beauty might be seen as a powerful tool that can help one to achieve higher ambitions which might be significant for future growth and development (Hamermesh Biddle, 1994). According to Eco (2004), the word beautiful expresses something that we are fond of, enjoy looking at. For that reason a sense of personal fulfilment as well as indulgence is created (Prettejohn, 2005). Hair styling has emerged as one of the key fashion points in recent years as individuals, particularly young consumers realise that styling hairs in a trendy manner has an impact on peoples perception of their fashion sense. Hair styling is particularly interesting for consumers because hairstyle is one aspect of appearance which can be set in different styles as compared to rest of the face which the individuals can do little about except for wearing makeup. Aesthetics is defined by Berthon, et al., (2009) as a science of perception that relies on our ability to distinguish value or significance in the object of interest and thereby develop taste. In advertising beauty is produced by aesthetic images and symbols which are interpreted by consumers (Vacker, 1993). For that reason, as Schmitt Simonson (1997) state, aesthetics can be used as an influential tool for organisations to differentiate their products with. However, emotions can be easily abused by organisations and hence produce a false view of the scientific truth (Jensen, 1999). For instance, illusions can be formed by companies, that state that certain products are better than others and that customers gain more for the money they pay. As a result the companies will neglect the truth as long as consumers are convinced that the information is correct. Jensen discusses the problem further by claiming that a false rationality is eventually created in order to justify the purchases made. There is extensive scientific documentation that aesthetic experience undoubtedly affects consumer behaviour in several ways (Berthon, et al., 2009; Hirschman, 1983). Further, by using experiential and sensory marketing strategies (Schmitt, 1999), closely studying consumer attitudes and preferences (Gupta, et al., 2008), creating symbolic (Levy, 1959) and emotional (Bauman, 2001) values organisations can produce a luxurious and overpowering feeling of desire (Belk, et al., 2003) that hopefully end in both increased profits and improved consumer value. Thus, it is essential for organisations to identify what consumers desire, often before they actually know that themselves, and use the marketing strategies to enhance that desire. LOreals marketing strategy involves using attractive models with different hairstyles; Using these models LOreal creates a false perception among consumers that using LOreals products will make them look like the models. LOreals models use extensive makeup which highlight the fact that LOreals consumers are very sensitive about their appearance and may use lot of make up as well. Another key aspect of LOreals marketing strategy for hair care products is using models with different skin colours. This could be a strategy to improve the aesthetic appeal of LOreals hair care products. One key aspect of LOreals marketing strategy is to advertise a single shade of a hair colour. For example; when it advertises red hair colour, all the models in the advertisement will be wearing different shades of red hair colour only. 2.1 Emotional experiences Franzen Bouwman (2001) state that individual perceptions and memories are linked to emotional reactions. The cognitive part of the human brain reflects, analyses and makes decisions, the emotional part of the brain, on the other hand, reacts spontaneously on the perceived external stimulation. When a person is exposed to new information the brain has to make a choice whether or not, or to what extent he has to pay attention. Emotional experiences are actual impulses that cause human behaviour and it is possible to identify two types of recollections of emotional experiences; implicit and explicit emotional experience (Franzen Bouwman, 2001). People perceive most marketing unconsciously and superficially but they are still influenced by it in the future purchasing behaviour. As a result a perception of the brand can be seen as unconscious and implicit unless it has already been connected to concrete experiences which have led to explicit cognitive recollections (Franzen Bouwman, 20 01). LOreals marketing strategy is to market LOreal as a wholesome brand rather than as individual product lines which means that when consumers actually decide to purchase any product they are likely to remember LOreal brand. Through a multi-sensory experience, created by sensory perceptions, people respond to external stimulations as well as they react to emotional images which are either consciously or unconsciously. This creates possibilities for hedonic consumption which is, as explained by Hirschman Holbrook (1982, p. 92), a phenomenon that: designates those facets of consumer behaviour that relate to the multi-sensory, fantasy and emotive aspects of ones experience with products. It is essential for companies to identify the symbolic meaning of consumer goods which are increasingly becoming a part of our consumer identity and image. Symbolic meaning of hair care products such as hair colour is to give the hairs a colour which matches the personality, mood, occasion and the rest of the attire. This is often witnessed in case of air colour advertising by LOreal as often the products are advertised using models who are wearing the clothing and makeup which matches the hair colour. Thus, LOreal tries t o symbolise hairs as one part of the body which needs to be dressed like rest of the body to make the look complete. For hair care products, LOreals marketing strategy is to highlight the hairs as the most important part of the looks. This is often done by highlighting the hairs so that everything else looks meaningless (as is evident from some of the advertisements shown below): All these advertisements highlight hairs as the main part of the look. By highlighting the hairs as the most important part and noticing that it is possible to alter the appearance of hairs (by styling and colouring), LOreal tries to convey the message that it is possible to achieve the model looks. In other words, the highlight are the hairs which have been treated with LOreal products which means that the looks of the model in the advertisement are a result of LOreals product and hence the consumers can get the same looks if they use LOreal products. 2.2 Consumer behaviour and human needs When clarifying the consumer behaviour several authors describe purchases from a need-goal perspective (Schiffman Kanuk, 2000). With some difference in terminology they explain how a need is created for a human being, for example, a feeling of hunger or the aspiration to become an esteemed member of society. Maslow (1943) presents a hierarchy of needs and argues that the level below is always more important than the one above. The lowest level consists of what could be called innate or primary needs and higher up in the pyramid are the acquired or secondary needs. The above example of being an esteemed member of society fits into the second highest of these levels labelled esteem). Figure: Maslows pyramid. The levels represent different parts of the hierarchy. Needs work as motivation to reach a goal that can be generic or product-specific (Schiffman Kanuk, 2000). A generic goal to cleaner hair would be shampoo; a product specific goal would in turn be shampoo from one of the various brands in the market. LOreals marketing strategy targets both. For example, for hair colouring products, the generic strategy can be good and trendy looks while the product specific strategy can be to market LOreal hair colour products. LOreal extensively uses its brand name in marketing LOreal products 2.3 Marketing Gagliard (1996) explains that when the object is being experienced in a physical, tangible reality it is acknowledged through sensory experiences. Organisations can, in this context, be seen not only as physical settings that produce products but also as a brand with the capacity to nourish and promote peoples senses. Artefacts can be defined as a form of message, existing either independently of its creator, or being perceived by the senses. Through these, organisations can contribute to promoting their goals. According to Franzen Bouwman (2001) a brand can be defined as a sign or a symbol of recognition in form of logos, labels, names and colours which evokes associations in people and is commercially linked to saleable goods and services. It is a source of value to both consumers well as the companies. By maintaining a strong brand firms achieve loyalty and steady future sales. LOreal invests significantly in advertising LOreal brand. In fact, the brand LOreal is highlight of almost all marketing communications that the firm undertakes irrespective of the product. By highlighting the name LOreal experts the firm aims to send a signal that it is expert and hence trustworthy at producing the particular product. LOreal also uses the word Paris in its branding; this is to associate LOreal with Paris, the Meccah of fashion. Associating a brand with Paris automatically symbolises a high end fashion product and this strategy is wisely used by LOreal to influence its customers who may exhibit d esire for French fashion. Around the very core of the product there are a more or less equally valued attributes. Not only is a shampoo a hair-cleansing device but there are several other aspects that are taken into consideration during the creation process. Such attributes include quality, design, package, colour, smell and much more. LOreal packs its products in high quality packing with glossy covers. There is also product specific packing; for hair colours the packing will contain the face of a model with the same colour as the one in the pack. This is informative packing as LOreal aims to educate the consumer about how the hair will look after colouring using that particular colour. This is often done to reduce customers disappointment; for example, if detailed picture is not given, consumers may use the colour only to find that it does not look the way they hoped it to and this may lead to divorcing the brand altogether. To avoid this, LOreal, or in fact most of hair colour manufacturers provide an imag e of a model with the same hair colour. Gardner Levy (1955) define the brand as more than a label, established to distinguish the company from its competitors. Instead they view it as a symbol which makes up a complicated net of various attributes which are sent out by the company. Later these are interpreted and re-valued by the customers and results in an overall public image. For the company, the feelings and attitudes the customers have towards the brands are essential not only to promote and sell any current products but also to attempt to launch new products under the same brand umbrella. This view of the brand as a symbol that creates awareness, loyalty and associations has later become known under the summarising definition brand equity (Kotler, et. al., 2005). As Franzen Bouwman (2001) puts it, brands that succeed in strategically linking emotions to them are generally connected to products that have something to do with these emotions. In other words, when the emotional response reflects the brand and also the very product itself, the brand-owner has succeeded in what all companies seek to do today, to create a unified message to the consumer. 2.3.3 Sensory marketing Consumers respond to the overall product or service characteristics, both tangible and intangible, produced by a total product offering. Through sensory marketing, appealing to the consumers through smell, music, design and taste, companies not only differentiate their image and create a strong identity but also construct an overall satisfactory personal experience. The figure below shows how the bodily senses; either separately or in a combined way, creates an experience and reaction from the consumer. Figure: Senses attributing to a combined customer experience, Hultà ©n et al. (2008). For example, the sight sense comes through the visual images such as product design, packaging or particular style. It is essential for people who consume the final product to make sure that they can see the product of interest. LOreal achieves this by providing the customers wit the image of a model wearing the same hair colour as the one in the pack. Kotler (1973) suggests that the key factor is actually the place, or in other words the sensory quality of the space in which the product or service is purchased. In some cases it is more influential than the offering itself and can overrule the primary product.. The right atmosphere does not only draw potential customers but also send a message about its position or status and therefore increase the probability for future purchases. The importance of the possibility for a purchase and the atmosphere is presented by Kotler (1973) below: Figure: The Casual Chain Connection Atmosphere and Purchase Probability, Kotler (1973). The place aspect of advertisement is addressed by LOreal by selling its products through departmental stores and hair salons. 2.3.4 Experiential Marketing This theory states that consumers are viewed not only as rational decision makers, concerned with functionality and personal benefits, but as emotional human beings, willing to achieve something extraordinary, for instance a memorable and enjoyable experience (Schmitt, 1999). This is a strategy often used by LOreal who aims to market the message that by using its products it is possible to achieve model looks. As mentioned earlier, this is done by highlighting the hairs in the marketing images to suggest that hairs the most critical aspects of particular models looks and that the looks of these hairs is because of the marketed LOreal product. In other words, use this particular product and you can look the same. By generating the uniqueness effect and selecting certain attributes that purchasers value, organisation are awarded with premium price which exceeds the extra costs required for the differentiation (Porter, 2004). Figure: Difference in price consumers are willing to pay for professional and retail products. The figure above shows the price difference in products which consumers are willing to pay. The question mark represents the unknown factors that enable consumers to buy professional hair care products at such a high price compared to retail alternatives. LOreal hair colour products are in mid to expensive range and cost more than many of its rivals. These products may be strategically priced a bit high to increase their symbolic value. For example, if hair care products are priced to low, consumers may perceive the product as low standard. Raising the prices Too much would have an impact on the consumption level; consumers will either not buy or will not use the product that frequently. The problem with the latter is that if the consumers tend to become satisfied with their looks without using these products, they might stop the consumption of these product altogether. It is important for these firms to maintain the desire for these products and hence products are priced to stimulat e consumption. Conclusion In conclusion LOreal uses it marketing strategy according to desire aspect more than anything else. It selects the targeted consumer segments and addresses the desires of this consumer segment by using appropriate marketing signals. LOreals marketing strategy involves proving to the customers that it is possible for them to achieve the same looks as the models in its advertisements by using LOreal products. 2,968 Words

Comparison Between Mainframe And Distributed Information Technology Essay

Comparison Between Mainframe And Distributed Information Technology Essay Client-server invent has actual and instant profits to software developers, apart from the volume of system. The client-server model is accepted model which operates client and server machines which are designed for exact purposes for computer networking. The Internet and Local Area Networks (LANs) both can use client-server model. Examples of the client-server systems on internet could be Web servers and Web browsers, FTP clients and servers, and DNS (Domain Name System). In FTP, users enter a computer name or sometimes an IP address in interface to locate connections to the server. There are two split devices in client-server model which are personalized for their considered reasons. For instance, a network client works most excellent in a big screen display, whereas a network server does not require any display and can be placed wherever in the world. On the other hand a device can be used as both, a client and a server for identical purpose. Similarly, a server device for one app lication can concurrently work as a client to other servers, for changed applications. People like client-server architecture because it offers error separation between modules, scalable performance in multiple servers, and central server is easy to manage and easy to program. The problem described in the assignment question says that in 1987 Hures implemented its first information system which was in mainframe computer that served Altos terminals to the users desktop. Then they ported the application on the client/server network to keep pace with changes in both the business and information system environment. Although the company started to grow non-stop, they noticed the following problems: Difficulty in scaling the servers to respond to the increased load in the distributed environment. Continual requirement for increasingly powerful desktop machines. But the main problem faced by Hures was as follows: Difficulty in configuring application into client-server modules. Modifying the configuration in response to user feedback. Analysis: Client/Server Devices: Long time ago as PCs (Personal Computers) turn out to be option to older mainframe computers, Client/server networking model developed in fame. The devices which ask for and accept information over the internet is Client PCs with network software applications established. Client functions can be found in mobile devices and desktop computers. Files and databases plus composite applications such as websites are stored in server device. High performance central processors, larger disk drive and more memory than clients are needed in server devices. Client/Server Applications: Applications and devices are differentiated by the client-server model. Client devices request a server side via posting messages in networks, and those servers reply to their clients with proceeding on those requests and sending back outcomes. According to about.com one server generally supports numerous clients, and multiple servers can be networked together in a pool to handle the increased processing load as the number of clients grows. Suggested solution for Hures problems: Here the problems faced by Hures are unique as my understandings. The described problem relates on the speediness of the system. The system should be created as which can handle upcoming demands or requirements of the business. According to this, the corporation or the designer of the system would not have concentrated on the upcoming development of the adjustment of the system or the system itself, to make sure that the system will give the future requirements and demands because of the various alteration in both external and internal situation that can vary the whole flow of information in the corporation. The bigger centre of attention should be the customer, and accordingly on the information resources and services that are needed to maintain communication with customers. So the information system should be created which can support the future demands, requirements and also support the user communication. Client Server Architecture: Nowadays client-server architecture is flexible in rapidly altering IT landscape. It relies on messaging services for interaction between components and is modular in structure as well. It is actually considered for improving usability, flexibility, interoperability, and scalability. Usability means the capability of the C/S architecture to achieve customers objective which is the part of human computer interaction. An obvious consistent process of evolution towards an objective and ease of use could be considered as some of the defined features. Term flexibility offers a better key space than that reachable with single computer models and it means C/S architecture is capable to change according to different users and various system requirements. Scalability is very important term for C/S architecture which refers to a products capacity to modify in size or amount kindly to meet up requests from users. Interoperability is ability to utility with other systems with no involving person involvement and manpower. Efficiency in all of these above features can be improved through improvements by client-server architecture. According to Chris Loosley and Frank Douglas client server architecture has following primary qualities: Systems are created by collecting independent components which gives unique and specific functions to system. Client components relate with users and servers to manage computing resources in the easiest arrangement where in more difficult arrangements, some servers can also be clients of other servers. Clients and servers can use hardware and software uniquely suited to the required functions. Front-end and back-end systems usually need computing resources that differ in type and power. C/S architecture is expanded due to the limits of file-sharing architectures that needs loads of bandwidth and sometimes it may stop or jam a network reasoning it to collapse. Only low shared usage and low volume of data can be transmitted. The file servers are replaced with database servers in C/S architecture and RDBMS (Relational DBMS) answers user queries and also improve consistency of data between different users so every user can have right to use the equal updated information. Till now only particular queries were being answered so the data of the file transferred in place of the whole file which reduces speed of the network. Client/Server with Database servers is shown below: Client Application Network Client Application Client Application Database Server Figure 1: C/S architecture with Database server C/S Architecture in Mainframe Environment: The design of complex mainframe by using modular programming and the association of modules into consistent groupings, or layers, has been a standard practice from long time. Layering is good design practice. In mainframe environment host computer (a mainframe) levers all processing, counting input, output, data storage and retrieval and that was being used in 70s. No matter what the target environment, specialization of function within distinct layers encourages designers to keep similar functions closely aligned, from both a functional and a performance viewpoint (Chris Loosley and Frank Douglas 1998, pp.30) thats why layering is good practice. C/S architecture in mainframe environment with file server is shown in the following figure: Client Application Network Client Application Client Application Figure2: Client/Server with file servers in mainframe environment. C/S Architecture in Distributed System: In distributed system number of computers (workstations, PCs) is distributed physically and connected by a communication network which handle all processing and are being used by the todays generation. The coverage is not nearly as absolute as in mainframe environment. For distributed systems, the coverage is not nearly as complete as it is in a mainframe environment. Distributed system became famous when a client posts a request and gets any service that did not appear from nowhere. Client/server model a lot referred to as a two-tier model which is related with tiny LAN-based distributed systems. But architecturally, it originated from software engineering principles developed for usual, centralized mainframe systems. Client Application Network Client Application Client Application File Server File Server Figure 3: Client/Server with file servers in distributed environment. Comparison between Distributed and Mainframe: The following figure shows comparison between distributed system and mainframe environment system and the difference of layering in between those two: Figure 4: Functional layering in mainframe and distributed systems (Chris Loosley and Frank Douglas, 1998) 2. Alternative Architecture for Hures: To solve the problem faced by Hures current client/server technology, Client-Queue-Client can be useful as alternative architecture. This uses a passive queue which allows the client instances to communicate directly with each other, which will refine their request from the services (Exforsys Inc). It helps out to maintain and avoid any inconveniences with the server so it could be helpful for Hures to use this architecture as alternative. To track the number of clients that are connected to the server, client queue is utilized. Therefore, the server can trace which resources the client has obtained, and the server can release the resources after the client connection breaks down (Chan Leong 2003). Scalability is very important feature which take part in Client/Server architecture effectively. Nowadays enterprise systems must accommodate growth. As the information systems grow, performance problems take place alongside six different dimensions; those are databases, stored objects, user population, transaction rates, data analysis, and networks. Good design anticipates the effects of business growth on performance. To shorten debate of performance, one of these dimensions is considered individually from each other. In any actual enterprise, some relationships will usually be real amongst these four effects for example, complex networks typically host large client populations, and a high transaction rate generally implies a large client population. However, such relationships are not necessary. Compared to the mainframe environment, client/server gives enhanced scalability since connections can be made as required rather than being set. More and more servers can be included to a network since application needs raises. Though, the increase in power will not be linear in terms of the number of servers. Intranet web Technology: Intranet is a web technology which is constructed by applying similar protocols and tools those are applied by the global internet but only difference is the internet is applied to the different place in the world and intranet is applied to the internal network such as in organisation. It can be described like a closed-circuit television system, which can be viewed only by those people within the organization that owns the system (Lowe 2009). Intranet site could only be viewed by those who are within that network of that particular organisation. Even though based on the same protocols as the World Wide Web, an intranet is protected from the outside world either by not being connected to the outside or through a series of hardware and software obstacles known as a firewall (Matthews Matthews 2003, p. 64). Advantages of Intranet: Intranet could be huge method of making available information to the internal users of the organisation and that can be the key benefit of the intranet. The applications which are used for newsletters, price lists, policy manuals etc. might be published by using intranet web technology. It can also help to transact application by gathering information that is related on expense and programs (Lowe 2009). Since intranet permits to make a personal position in the Internet, the position will be protected and safe, because only those persons with abilities to access can make use of the website over the Internet. Most of all, it can facilitate to distribute information to the users in more easier and effective manner. Intranet also gives increased productivity, reduced margin of error, flexibly; it has appropriate and accurate information, and lets smaller for marketing. Disadvantages of Intranet: Intranet web technology can be expensive to set up and maintain within the organisation because it could require extraordinary team for managing the process of allocating and maintaining the resources which are occupied in the website. If the access is got by someone else on the outside of the organisation it can be risky for the company so there could be some security issues might be raised. For instance, an employee might have posted sensitive information for all employees to see. Intranet is the technology which could need upgrades and might not have software compatibility and security features can be insufficient as well. Sometimes poor user support may not be effectively scale up. If some users may not have PCs at their desk, they could not be able to access the intranet. There can be possibilities of information overload which can happen when the big amount of data has been put on the intranet and that can make very difficult for employees to find the way and find data that is meaningful or that they need. With Intranets, firms have to set up and maintain separate applications such as E-mail and Web servers, instead of using one unified system as with groupware that is less back-end integration7. Intranet software and the internet: There is no uncertainty that intranet software is measured as one of the most taken advantage of networking technology in the business world. The previous sentence becomes true because it can give various advantages which cannot be achieved by the peer-to-peer and client-server architecture. It permits companies to obtain improvement of the wireless and Internet technology, and on top of that, it gives the privacy and security which can be presented by established client/server system. As a result of this, it has been seen that the attractiveness of intranet software and the Internet pose threats towards the traditional client/server systems. However, it is significant to think about that although intranet and the Intranet are being exercised and conventional worldwide, there are still fractions or characteristics of the company which are in necessitate of using the established client/server systems. Conclusion: To conclude that client/server architecture is the well known and well established network model which is used a lot nowadays. It gives more scalability, flexibility, usability, interoperability which improves the efficiency of the network and throughput as well. As we know there could be some problems with system and tools which are provided but as long as we consider that the problems could be solved with the C/S architecture that is main advantage of the C/S architecture. In the report client/server architecture is explained and we compared the C/S architecture in both mainframe environment and in distributed environment. The arrangements of the mainframe and distribute systems are explained in order to C/S architecture so from that we can figure out how the client/server model will suit the different environment. As we discussed there are some issues raised about C/S architecture used in the information systems which was developed for the Hures and it was in mainframe environment so in place of that distributed systems can be used to solve the problem and also the alternative solution for the C/S architecture can be considered to solve the problem of Hures. References: About.com: Wireless/Networking (2010) Introduction to Client Server network [Online], Date of retrieval: 29/01/2010, Available from: http://compnetworking.about.com/od/basicnetworkingfaqs/a/client-server.htm Chris Loosley and Frank Douglas (1998), High performance, client/server, (pp. 38-40), John Wiley Sons. Chan, A T S Leong, H V 2003, Cooperative Internet Computing, Springer.   Exforsys Inc. (2000-2010) Peer-to-Peer and Client-Queue-Client Architecture [Online], Date of retrieval: 03/02/2010, Available from: http://www.exforsys.com/tutorials/client-server/peer-to-peer-and-client-queue-client-architecture.html Lowe, D 2009, Networking for Dummies, For Dummies. Matthews M Matthews (2003), Microsoft Office FrontPage 2003: The Complete Reference, McGraw-Hill Professional. Ravi Kalakota Andrew B. Whinston (1997), Electronic Commerce, pp.88-90, Addison Wesley Longamn, Inc.

Primary Dysmenorrhea Essay examples -- Health, Gynecological Problems

Primary dysmenorrhea refers to the occurrence of painful menstrual cramps of uterine origin by a hyper secretion of endometrial prostaglandins and is a gynecological complaint.Common treatment for this problem is medical therapy such as mefenamic acid (NSAIDs drugs) or oral contraceptive pills which both work by reducing myometrial activity. One of useful herbal agents to reducing potential dysmenorrhea is fennel. In this randomized clinical trial (RCT) study was compared fennel drop with mefenamic acid for reducing pain of primary dysmenorrhea. Sixty college students with moderate dysmenorrhea were randomly selected and flowed up two cycle.29 Of 30 students continue the study in study group and 30 students reminded in control group. In first month no extra medications used, but in second month in study group was taken fennel drop (25 drop every 6 hour) and they can use mefenamic acid if necessary. According to this study, it seems that fennel oil can be effective in reducing the severity of dysmenorrhea bur malodor and bad taste were not acceptable for most of the volunteers. Key word: fennel, primary dysmenorrhea, herbal drug. Introduction: Primary dysmenorrhea is one of the most common gynecological problems in Women(Marjoribanks, Proctor et al. 2003; Lefebvre, Pinsonneault et al. 2005(Harel 2006)). More than 70% of Iranian females experience painful menstruation (PANAHANDEH, Pakzad et al. 2008) .Between 50% till 80% of females reported some levels of discomfort associated with mens , and 20% report sever dysmenorrhea.(Proctor and Farquhar 2007).Primary dysmenorrhea a condition associated with ovulatory cycles, is due to myometrium contractions induced by prostaglandins in the second half of menstrual cycle. Many women e... ...romi study one of thirty case had more bleeding. Akhavan Amjadi in her investigation showed there is no significance difference between severity bleeding in fennel user ( Akhavan amjadi ).she showedThe essence of fennel can be used as a safe and effective herbal drug for primary dysmenorrhea, however, it may have a lower potency than mefenamic acid in the dosages used for this study. in our cases they can use mefenamic acid when fennel drops were not effective enough and support Akhavan amjadi finding. Smith reported in one trial acupuncture reduced mestural symptom compared with Chinese herbs.(Smith, Zhu et al. 2011) Khodakrami showed both mefenamic acid and herbal drugs effectively relieved dysmenorrhea as compared with the placebo. She suggested more clinical trials are needed to establish the efficacy of fennel (Khodakrami Nahid, Fariborz et al. 2008).

Does College Help :: essays research papers

College or technical schools are supposed to be the gateway to higher paying careers, but most are not all that they are cracked up to be. The standards and goals that society wants met are continually not being met by the students today. Also, many higher learning facilities lack the funds to provide positive learning environments for students. For these reasons and many more are keeping the students of today from benefiting fully from schools.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Society today has to make some new choices for the students of tomorrow, choices that will carry them into the next millennium. Society can either “lower standards so that everybody “passes'; in a way that looses all meaning in the real world'; or “ raise standards and then meet them'; (Barber 479). I personally believe in raising our expectations and doing whatever is needed to meet them. Our countries standards are among the lowest in the world and “ at the same moment as we are transferring our responsibilities to the shoulders of the next generation, we are blaming them for our own generation’s most conspicuous failures'; (Barber 472). Every election year the candidates use something about education as one of their platforms, but few ever carry through with them once they are elected. Most education bills die in congress in some shape or another and the ones that actually make it through congress, are usually ineffective because t hey have been changed and modified to the point of ineffectiveness.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Also, many of the learning facilities today lack the funding to provide adequate, positive learning environments for students. Underpaid teachers and professors who “ make less than accountants architects, doctors, lawyers, engineers, judges, health professionals, auidiors, and surveyors'; and thus many student disregard teachers as role models. If people see someone who can score touchdowns or dunk a basketball making millions while their teachers are scraping bottom to survive, then how can an educator possibly motivate them to learn (Barber 470). Many people chase after their “dreams'; of money instead of seeing the reality of learning. Although society today rates an education as one of their top priorities, they still allow learning facilities to become broken and run down. Like animals, children and adults file into buildings with bad floors, horrible plumbing, leaky roofs and ceilings, and pack into desk, usually 35+ per educator. Today the gove rnment spends $35,000 a year to keep someone behind bars and only a fraction of that to keep them in school (Barber 475).

Can Siebel Stop Its Slide Essay -- Recession, Case Study, solution

In the fall of 2001, business software pioneer Thomas M. Siebel was giddy as he looked ahead. Sure, the recession was hurting. But he claimed his company, Siebel Systems Inc. -- the leader in software for managing sales forces and customer-service departments -- would be more resilient than its competitors. ``Everybody is going to be naked,'' Siebel said with relish. ``We're going to find out who are the dilettantes. We're going to find out who are the scumbags, and who are the sleazeballs. Everybody is going to be exposed for who they are. It's going to be a remarkable time.'' Two months later, he confidently predicted that the high-tech downturn was about to end. He could be certain, he said, because of the forecasting capabilities in his own software. Well, both Tom Siebel and his software get failing grades for prognostication. The tech industry is still mired in slow growth, and Siebel Systems, software's highest flier in the go-go '90s, has tumbled farther than its ``dilettante '' rivals. Revenues last year tumbled 22%, to $1.6 billion, compared with a drop of only 2% for the overall corporate-applications-software industry. In the first quarter, Siebel's revenues dropped 30%, to $333 million. Siebel's stock price, at $8.50, is off a staggering 94% from its peak in 2000 of $119. It wasn't just the economy that hobbled Siebel Systems. A 2001 product upgrade was so difficult to install that customers were reluctant to buy it. The company's reputation suffered from bad publicity about its customer-satisfaction record. And it lost ground to corporate-applications leader SAP. In 2002, Siebel Systems' share of the customer-management market it helped pioneer slipped from 29% to 23%, according to Gartner Dataquest. No. 2 SAP gained ... ...ness-software maker Siebel Systems has seen revenues slide 44% over the past two years. Here's a look at why, and at its prospects going forward. COMPLEXITY INCOMPATIBILITY PROBLEM Customers complain Its applications don't work Siebel's software is easily with rival software complex and hard to that handles financials and install. Major projects human resources. can take a year to com- plete. FIX A team of 60 consultants New integration technologies helps customers plan improve things, but rivals that projects, but something make full suites of products must still be done to have an advantage. simplify the products. TARNISHED REPUTATION PROBLEM It has been accused of overstating customer satisfaction and was slammed by the SEC for a financial disclosure violation. FIX It hasn't adequately addressed customer satisfaction issues and is stingy with financial information.

Examine the dramatic significance of the theme “fair is foul” in Macbeth Essay

There are many themes in â€Å"Macbeth†, not surprising given the play’s richness of character, language and events. These themes include goodness and evil, deceptive appearances and reality and the supernatural. They are all linked to the idea of â€Å"fair is foul†, as are the characters. I will now try to examine in more detail the dramatic significance of â€Å"fair is foul† in Shakespeare’s â€Å"Macbeth†. It is believed that the play was written with King James in mind. â€Å"Mabeth† was written sometime between 1603 and 1606, years during which King James (6th of Scotland and 1st of England) was on the throne. Many of James’ interests were included in the play, for example kingship, loyalty and most importantly his fascination with supernatural (he even wrote a book called Demonology, on the subject). The idea of the supernatural and witchcraft in particular are very important during the play. The witches also known as the â€Å"Weird Sisters†, Act 1 Scene 3 Line 34, represent evil and temptation in the play. In Shakespeare’s day there was widespread belief in the existence of witchcraft and demonology. People feared that witches attempted to corrupt God’s natural order, and thus in 1604 its practice became punishable by death. However they were still uncertain on the power of witches. This uncertainty can be seen in the play. We never know whether the witches have any real power or whether they can only persuade and suggest things to others. The Gunpowder plot seems to have been added to the play. It was an action taken to remove the king, very similar to Macbeth’s actions. Again it gives the idea of God’s natural order being destroyed. They believed that the king ruled by Divine Right i.e. they were God’s chosen one. Therefore killing him, to obtain unrightful kingship would definitely shatter the natural order. The fact that they are evil is shown in their final couplet. It is, as mentioned above, the three witches who chorus the line â€Å"fair is foul and foul is fair†. It can be translated as â€Å"good is bad and bad is good†, a slightly difficult phrase to understand. An important thing to note is that â€Å"Fair is foul†¦Ã¢â‚¬  is a paradox. That is a statement, which appears to contradict itself but can contain a truth. It is this line that sets the tone for the rest of the play; the way things appear may not be the way they really are! Their line however can also be used to describe themselves and their predictions. When they tell Macbeth his future it all sounds good, â€Å"†¦All hail Macbeth, that shalt be King hereafter†. However it is these predictions that lead to his fatal actions and drastic downfall destruction. So really, these future visions aren’t good at all but bad. The witches never tell lies but because they speak in puzzling riddles, its possible that Macbeth hears what he wants to hear, by believing only the positive aspects. In Shakespeare’s â€Å"Macbeth†, the protagonist is lured to murder the King, Duncan, by witch’s predictions, his wife’s encouragement, and by his own ambition. He commits a trio of wicked murders in the course of the play. It is possible to forget that the character described as â€Å"†¦brave Macbeth†¦Ã¢â‚¬  is the one later described as a â€Å"tyrant†. Macbeth’s character is also one that is linked to the idea of â€Å"fair is foul and foul is fair†. Prior to his encounter with the witches (Act 1, Scene 3) Macbeth is a hero, a loyal warrior in service of the legitimate, King of Scotland, Duncan. He is described as a noble valiant and fearless warrior and â€Å"Bellona’s bridegroom†, husband of the goddess of the war, worthy to be God of War. It appears that he has many positive characteristics but soon enough we find he has a fatal weakness†¦ambition. He was easily influenced by, witches prophecies and his wife’s persuasion, to follow the ambitions that he secretly desired to chase, â€Å"Thus thou must do’ if thou have it†, in other words he must do it (kill King Duncan) if he wants the crown. He allowed his ambitions to suppress his good qualities and the end of the play describes him as â€Å"a tyrant†, â€Å"a dwarfish thief†, and â€Å"hellhound†. Macbeth is obviously one of the clearest and simplest examples of the theme â€Å"fair is foul†. By this I mean he is a character who fits the idea, things that look good may turn out to be evil. However I don’t think it is fair to call him completely evil. He did after all have a conscience, which played a major part throughout the play. It was his conscience that held him back from drastic actions, but not enough to stop him from murders that in the end he carried out. Lady Macbeth is also a good example of the theme â€Å"fair is foul†. In the world of Shakespeare tragedies she has come to represent feminine treachery. Her ambition, foulness and rejection of female values, mark her as a heartless villain more monster than woman! â€Å"Come to my woman breasts and take my milk for gall, you murdering ministers† . Unlike Macbeth, it is easily noticed that she has an evil hunger for power from the start. â€Å"†¦chastice with the valour of my tongue All that impedes thee from the golden crown†¦Ã¢â‚¬  just a section of her words from the first time we meet her (Act 1 Scene 5). However Shakespeare uses dramatic irony, in that the audience know she is evil but many characters fail to see this. Many are fooled by her deceptive acts. â€Å"Fair and noble hostess†, are the words Duncan used to describe Lady Macbeth, who turned out to be involved in his murder later that night. The audience get a taste of her hunger for power by her reaction to the letter from Mabeth, it is both powerful and dramatic. As soon as she has finished reading the letter (including details of the witches premonitions) she decides to make sure Macbeth will become King. She knows her husband is ambitious but also considers his lack of ruthlessness- â€Å"yet I do fear thy nature It is to full o’ th’ milk of human kindness†. She claims that ruthlessness o is â€Å"the illness† that Macbeth doesn’t have in him. She decides that to gain the throne Duncan must be killed. To her great delight, she hears that the King is coming that very night. She invites the spirits of evil to enter her body- † Come you spirits That tend on mortal thoughts! unsex me here, And fill me from the crown to the toe top-full Of direst cruelty†. Any thoughts of doubt that she has some good inside her are totally unquestionable, at this point. How can a woman want the very characteristics that make her a woman, i.e. love and care, to be taken away just so that she can complete a wicked murder? The language she uses from lines 32-47 (Act 1 Scene5), are very similar to those used in a spell or chant. She is calling spirits to take away and feelings she may have, and fill her with murderous thoughts, â€Å"Come u spirits†¦you murdering ministers†. The language used gives the effect of dark magic and incantations, symbolising Lady Macbeth as a witch. As said above the line â€Å"fair is foul† gives the impression of deceptive appearances and reality. Lady Macbeth, displays this idea very well, when she is fooling her guests. When King Duncan, arrives at the castle, he comments on how nice the atmosphere is, â€Å"the air Nimbly and sweetly recommends itself†. It was planned by Shakespeare to have an ironic effect, that King Duncan should say that, when taking into consideration Lady Macbeth’s words and plans from the previous scene. She is a great deceiver, falsely exchanging pleasant conversation, very successfully. It is also Lady Macbeth who advises her husband to put on a false appearance, â€Å"look like the innocent flower. But be the serpent under’t†. This was one of Shakespeare’s many metaphors. The flower resembles goodness and purity while the snake is a dark and evil creature. This also links in with the idea of reality vs. appearances. We are constantly reminded that things aren’t what they seem in the play. Shakespeare warns us not to be fooled by appearances, there are many examples of this during the play. One of the main examples is the floating dagger. Is it real or is it just a deceptive illusion luring Macbeth to do the unthinkable? There are other deceptive illusions during the course of the play, a main one being Banquo’s ghost. Macbeth believes the ghost, which hovers over Banqo’s empty chair, has gone to haunt him and accuse him of it’s murder. The witches say that the forest will comes to him, â€Å"Great Birnam wood to high Dunsinane hill Shall come against him†. How is this possible? In reality no part of nature in form of lands and forests ever moves! Macbeth is also told â€Å"none of woman born Shall harm Macbeth†. Macbeth doesn’t know that Macduff wasn’t born normally, and so believes he cannot be harmed. We must doubt how reliable these premonitions really are! While Banquo doubted what the witches said and preceded to question them, Macbeth had near complete faith in them. I think he believed them, because deep inside that’s what he wants, and the premonitions give him hope of achieving an impossible target. The theme â€Å"fair is foul† is a paradox, although it appears to contradict itself it does contains a truth. This can be seen in the first act when the Thane of Cawdor is sentenced to death. Looking at the execution it would appear to be a foul act. However when considering the reason of execution, being disloyal to your King, it can also be seen as fair. This is very similar to what happens to Macbeth. His head was carried around the crowds, proving he had been killed. Yes, a very foul act but not completely unfair. After all this was a man who had committed many unforgivable crimes, and caused disorder all over a settled country. I think that for a line so confusing at first it appears to be the roots of the play! It is associated with nearly all the themes of the play, and all the characters especially Macbeth and Lady Macbeth.

The New Form of Presidency and Vice Presidency

With the research that I have ga at that placed I gestate Al Gore would pose as a good prospect to administer our country. However I in like manner mean that George W. Bush would serve us sound too. So I have bob up up with an idea that perhaps in the contiguous presidential election in that location could be a republi elicit and a democrat as running mates. perchance one could be the vice president and the other the president. I believe that a lot more laws and bills could be passed, and the country could be satisfied as a whole.Maybe the country could even practise up with a new carcass of presidency where there are twain presidents and one vice president. Then laws and bills may not be passed without both presidents world in agreement. The vice president would exercise the same duties, while the presidents could get in two ways as much done in half the time. straight if I had to remove on a presidential candidate it would be George W. Bush. I would choose him for two reasons, one for his beliefs on social protective covering and two for his views on education. First score with social security and the way that it is presently heading I believe that there leave behind not be bounteous money left to fund it for my children or me. Bush believes that it is a promise to our nation. He wants to change it, not for current retirees or those soon approaching it, barely for the next generation. To put that money away where itcan earn higher interest rates. Now on to Bushs views on public education. He has already amend the public schools in Texas, and he wishes to do it all across the country. He wants to quip states the freedom form federal intervention, but receive results in return. Performance checks with also be held annually. With those two reasons alone take hold me a good enough will to vote for bush. If I were eighteen I would have no trouble when preference Day came.