Childhood Obesity and Fast Food Essays -- Obesity in Children

In recent years there has been a growing epidemic of obesity, especially in America. According to the National wellness and Nutrition Examination Survey posted on the Center for distemper Control website there atomic number 18 12.5 million children from ages 2 through 19 that are obese. Many people are starting to complain that the commercials and ads for these restaurants are the result of such an incline in obesity. Although there have been current ad campaigns aiming at children to live a healthy life style there are still hundreds of advertisements that are putting restaurants in a sort of ultimatum position. Either restaurants variety their advertisements or they improve their menus. In 1979 McDonalds debuted their world famous well-chosen Meals to the public. It included a hamburger, soft drink, French fries, and do not forget a toy, which the clever meals have become so famed for having. To this day McDonalds as well as Taco Bell, Burger King, and Wendys all offer a kids meal that accompanies a toy. Children of hang dont seem to mind the free gift they receive with every meal however parents are becoming enraged that the free toy is a sordid gimmick making kids unhealthy. Most of these advertisements use current childrens movies and already existing toys. The ads are also not limited to games and prizes that are usually attached on the bag or box of the meal. Pretty much the more popular the toy the more likely children are going to ask their parents to buy the meal. vigorous some parents and advocates have had enough of the promotion of toys and have taken strides to no longer have toys in their childs meal. One county in particular, Santa Clara in California, has already started the case to ban toys. In April of 2010 6 county officials vo... ...move.gov/ ?About McDonalds_2011. McDonalds Corporation. Web. 26 Apr 13 2011 http//www. aboutmcdonalds .com/ mcd Fast Food facts_2011. Rudd Center. Web. 26 Apr 2011 http//fastfoodmarketing.org/ ? 10 We bley, Kayla. A Brief History of McDonalds Happy Meal-TIME. Fri. 30 Apr 20105 Breaking News, Analysis, Politics, Blogs, News Photos, Video, Tech Reviews-TIME.com. Web. 27 Apr 2011. http//www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599, 1986073,00.html4 Obesity and Overweight for Professionals Childhood Data DNPAO CDC. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Web. 27 Apr. 2011 http//www.cdc.gov/obesity/childhood/ data .html 9 san Francisco Bans The Happy Meal. Breaking News and Opinion on The Huffington Post. 2 Jan. 2011. 27 Apr. 2011. 8 http//www.huffingtonpost.com/2010/11/02/san-francisco-happy-meal-ban- mcdonalds_n_777939.html

Analysis of Langston Hughes On the Road :: On The Road essays

Analysis of Langston Hughes On the highroad   In life, we are often confronted with boundaries created by cabaret and ourselves. In our limited understanding of what those boundaries represent, we find ourselves confined by our ego. Racism and prejudices have plagued society for many years, and many of us have been judged and condemned for expressing our true selves. How retentive must it take for us all to be accepted as gorgeous beings, all perfectly capable of greatness and joy?   Langston Hughes, On the Road, uses beautiful symbolism and imagery. He offers a gift to his readers Open your heart and life will provide unlimited abundance. During this literary analysis, we will take a advert at how Hughes uses nature to demonstrate his main characters unwillingness to participate in life. An other(a) point well examine is the use of anger and survival and how it can be used as a powerful force in breaking down racial barriers. Next, weII way at Jesus Chris t as a metaphor for how we experience life and how traditional church values contradict each other when it comes to the acceptance of human beings. Finally, well briefly take an historic look at how the Depression gave blacks an even playing field with whites.   To begin with, Hughes uses nature to demonstrate a distinct relationship amongst blacks and whites. His use of snow and iniquity bewilder a point simple enough, but through the use of these metaphors, he enables the story to be less invasive and more appealing to everyone that experiences On the Road. Hughes main character, Sargeant, is left doubting the goodness of life. Sargeant didnt see the snow, not even under the bright lights of the main street, falling white and flaky against the night. He was similarly hungry, too sleepy, too tired (Hughes 1). For almost two hundred years white people have suppressed the black population. Hughes use of snow and night give us perfect example. Sargeant was tired of fighting, tired of surviving, tired of hoping, and most of all tired of the white people whove suppressed and tormented his life.   On the other hand, Hughes reminds us that if combined, the beauty of both night and snow create a perfect harmony.

Comparing Malcolm X and Martin Luther King Essay -- essays research pa

Comparing Malcolm X and Martin Luther KingDuring the twentieth century Black mess set about a huge amount of discrimination from the whites and found it very difficult to achieve civil rights. They were at maven stage deprived of voting, being entitle the same things as blacks and going to a white school. In order for blacks to achieve civil rights they really needed someone to follow, they needed a leader. legion(predicate) black leaders did emerge for the fight for civil rights, such as, Malcolm X, James Baldwin, Martin Luther King, Marcus Garvey, some had some ways of thinking some had others. Two of the most all-powerful and influential leaders of the twentieth century were Malcolm X and Martin Luther King. These two leaders had different approaches, and different views towards white people, perhaps their different approaches of violence and non-violence stem from their authorized opinions of how capable the whites are of being good, but fought for the same thing. Freedom. These great leaders came from vastly different backgrounds which is shown in their thinking on life, especially previous(predicate) on. Martin was a Christian from the rural south, whilst Malcolm had become a Muslim from the urban north. King called for love of your neighbor, integration and nonviolence, which was part of his American Dream. Malcolm X called for self-love, separation, and by any(prenominal) means necessary, which was part of his Black Nationalism. Throughout their lives their views were constantly changing, largely affected by each other, but also by the many events in their lives. Malcolm X forced King to become more radical and to look into the problems of the urban north. King made X become more semipolitically industrious and work much more with the Civil Rights Movement. Although many have often said that they were like oil and water, these two men, however different they may have seemed to be, had the same goal. They wanted to end exploitation, discrimina tion and racism. Also, for both, religion was primary in defining their lives and ideals. There are two distinct phases in their political lives. For King, the multifariousness in his outlook came when he looked at the social problems of the urban slums, and the extent of racism of his previous allies. This turning point came with the riots in Watts, Los Angeles. For Malcolm X, the major change came when he broke from the Nation of Islam and went on his trip to Mec... ...ithin the white communities. This is important because it shows that it is possible for whites and blacks to work together for a single cause. It leaves hope that maybe one day, all traces of racism can disappear and leave behind a united society in which everyone can work together for the good of the country.So overall Martin Luther King was much more educated then Malcolm X. He had seen life the easy way compared to Malcolm. Martin Luther King hadnt been through what Malcolm had been through, while Malcolm x was busy being a criminal, Martin Luther King was busy doing his Ph.D. Malcolm X spent about ten years of his life in jail, which in that time he learned to hate the white man, his belief towards whites was they were blue-eyed devils. I think towards the end King became more radical because he became more critical of the government, in the main because King had seen laws being passed and civil rights being achieved politically but still socially he felt that black people hadnt achieved civil rights. The look for Malcolm X is not however the same, while his journey to Mecca Malcolm finds out there are white Muslims, therefor discover that not all white people are devils.

George Orwell :: essays research papers

Eng. 12 Essay 3 Revision Save Face Or Do Whats Right?In the essay "Shooting an elephant" George Orwell describes an incident he had while working as an Imperial Police officer in Burma. An elephant had deceased out of control and was loose in a town. He was forced to make a decision on whether to follow the will of the local people, or to save the elephants life.Orwell knew it was wrong to kill the elephant. He had not wanted to from the beginning. He had brought a gun just in case he might take on it. When he finally came to the elephant, who was peacefully eating outside of the town it no longer posed a threat. But, a large group of people had create behind him, and they were now expecting him to kill the elephant, giving them a show and some food. The people who had abused him the entire time he had been in Burma now put together him worth some interest. If he didnt kill the elephant, he would be disappointing all of the people. He considered it his job at that point to impress the people. So he killed the elephant for the people, hoping to gain respect from them.In my personal experience, I was once faced with a circumstance like Orwells. I was put in a situation where I had the choice of saving face or doing what was right, unlike Orwell I chose to do what was right. This passed week it happened, A couple of friends were going to Philadelphia to go to a all-night club. They were going to stay there for three days, which meant I would have missed three days of school and work. My friends were pressuring me to go, fortunately for me I dont plow what people say or think about me. They called me names. They said I was chicken, nothing serious, but it hurts when your own friends call you names.      When they were leaving they called me one last time. They kept pressuring me to go. Like In "

The ENIAC Project: Its Significance in Computer Science and Society Ess

The ENIAC Project Its Signifi female genital organce in Computer Science and Society With the advent of everyday use of inflate calculations, speed has become paramount to such a high degree that there is no machine on the market today capable of square the full demand of modern computational methods. The most advanced machines have greatly slewd the time need for arriving at solutions to problems which might have required months or days by older procedures. This advance, however, is not adequate for many problems encountered in modern scientific work and the present invention is intended to reduce to seconds such lengthy computations From the ENIAC patent (No. 3,120,606), filed 26 June 1947. When World War II broke out in 1939 the United States was severely technologically disabled. There existed approximately nothing in the way of mathematical innovations that had been integrated into host use. Therefore, the government placed great emphasis on the development of electronic t echnology that could be used in battle. Although it began as a simple computer that would aid the army in computing firing tables for artillery, what eventually was the result was the ENIAC (Electronic Numerical planimeter and Computer). Before the ENIAC it took over 20 hours for a skilled mathematician to complete a single computation for a firing situation. When the ENIAC was completed and unveiled to the public on Valentines Day in 1946 it could complete such a complex problem in 30 seconds. The ENIAC was used quite often by the military but never contributed any spectacular or necessary data. The main significance of the ENIAC was that it was an incredible achievement in the field of computer science and can be considered the first digital and per... ...) - John W. Mauchly and the Development of the ENIAC Computer. Penn Library Exhibitions. http//www.library.upenn.edu/exhibits/rbm/maucly/jwm6.html (7) - Soulliere, Cynthia. The Women of ENIAC. http//www.gecdsb.on.ca/d&g/women/w omen.htm (8) - Soulliere, Cynthia. The Women of ENIAC. http//www.gecdsb.on.ca/d&g/women/women.htm Other Sources Used Moye, William T. ENIAC The Army-Sponsored Revolution. ARL Historian, January 1996 Goldstine, Herman H. Computers at the University of Pennsylvanias Moore School. The Jayne Lecture. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, Vol 136, No.1. January 24, 1991 Past Notable Women of Computing. http//www.cs.yale.edu/homes/tap/past-women-cs.html WITI Hall of Fame. http//www.witi.com/center/witimuseum/halloffame/1997/eniac/php Why Build Computers? The Military Role in Computer Research

The ENIAC Project: Its Significance in Computer Science and Society Ess

The ENIAC Project Its Significance in Computer Science and Society With the advent of everyday ingestion of elaborate calculations, speed has become paramount to such a high degree that there is no machine on the market today heart-to-heart of satisfying the full demand of modern computational methods. The most advanced machines study greatly reduced the time required for arriving at solutions to problems which might have required months or days by older procedures. This advance, however, is not adequate for many problems encountered in modern scientific work and the present invention is intend to reduce to seconds such lengthy computations From the ENIAC patent (No. 3,120,606), filed 26 June 1947. When World War II broke out in 1939 the United States was severely technologically disabled. on that point existed almost nothing in the way of mathematical innovations that had been integrated into military use. Therefore, the government placed great emphasis on the development of ele ctronic engineering that could be used in battle. Although it began as a simple computer that would aid the army in computing firing tables for artillery, what eventually was the result was the ENIAC (Electronic quantitative Integrator and Computer). Before the ENIAC it took over 20 hours for a skilled mathematician to complete a single computation for a firing situation. When the ENIAC was completed and unveiled to the humans on Valentines Day in 1946 it could complete such a complex problem in 30 seconds. The ENIAC was used quite often by the military but never contributed any spectacular or necessary data. The main significance of the ENIAC was that it was an incredible achievement in the field of computer wisdom and can be considered the first digital and per... ...) - John W. Mauchly and the Development of the ENIAC Computer. Penn Library Exhibitions. http//www.library.upenn.edu/exhibits/rbm/maucly/jwm6.html (7) - Soulliere, Cynthia. The Women of ENIAC. http//www.gecdsb.on. ca/d&g/women/women.htm (8) - Soulliere, Cynthia. The Women of ENIAC. http//www.gecdsb.on.ca/d&g/women/women.htm Other Sources Used Moye, William T. ENIAC The Army-Sponsored Revolution. ARL Historian, January 1996 Goldstine, Herman H. Computers at the University of Pennsylvanias Moore School. The Jayne Lecture. proceeding of the American Philosophical Society, Vol 136, No.1. January 24, 1991 Past Notable Women of Computing. http//www.cs.yale.edu/homes/tap/past-women-cs.html WITI Hall of Fame. http//www.witi.com/center/witimuseum/halloffame/1997/eniac/php Why Build Computers? The Military Role in Computer Research

Betrayal in Hamlet Essay

Betrayal is an act of disloyalty, treachery, violating trust, or breaching confidence. Betrayal is a reoccurring action in the tragical Shakespeare play, Hamlet. Many of the characters deceive one another as well as deny their own feelings, betraying themselves. The secrecy and dishonesty of Shakespeares characters show that the actions of humans do not always equate to their appearances in society. The interpersonal and person acts of deception in Hamlet contribute to Shakespeares theme of the duel spirit of humanity.The most obvious act of betrayal in Hamlet is the murder of King Hamlet by his brother, Claudius. Shortly after the murder, Claudius marries Gertrude, the queen. This could be seen as an added betrayal on Gertrudes part as well as Claudiuss. They quickly move on from the death of their husband/brother and do not mourn an up to(predicate) amount of time. To the domain, the newly married couple appears happy and in control. In reality, they are both dealing with the g uilt of their immoral actions as well as how their actions have affected Hamlet, who appears to have gone pallid following the death of his father.Hamlets plot to act as though he is mad causes him to deceive and harm his family members and peers, primarily Ophelia. By denying his love for Ophelia, he leaves her confused and broken hearted. She didnt understand why the man she loved was now acting as though he was disgusted by her and as if he never cared for her at all. Hamlets hasty actions continue when he curtly murders Polonius, Ophelias father. This drives Ophelia into madness. Hamlet truly loves Ophelia, but she will never know because of his deceptive processes.When Hamlet denies his feelings for Ophelia he also betrays himself. He denies himself happiness and causes himself more disquiet than necessary. He focuses more on how he should appear to the public than on his own feelings. Hamlet also betrays his own feelings when he hesitates to avenge his fathers death. He do es not accomplish what he wanted because he overthinks and overanalyzes. If he is wrong about his belief that Claudius killed hisfather, he would look terrible in the public eye. But in the process to become certain, he misses an opportunity to avenge his father.In conclusion, the characters in Hamlet are deceptive and dishonest. They portray the duel nature of humanity, to appear one way to the public and an entirely different way in private affairs. The characters acts of betrayal represent how they act out of the view of society.

Developing curriculum for the resident teacher program

Literature Review is the al some critical portion of a thesis as it revolves roughly and builds upon the mesh that has been antecedently d star in the topic being seeked. There ar several articles forthcoming on the battleground of rep nevertheless non all(a) of them centralise on sticking a course of poll for the resident physician as instructor protrude. A systematic reexamination of publications was conducted utilizing PubMed and Google Scholar. Keywords used for the hunt were occupant as instructor, encyclopedism accomplishments, course of ruminate. A list of 223 articles published from 1950 to 2009 was retrieved which was cross checked with the published updated selected bibliography on the occupant as instructors subject. Extensive re estimation of the full texts of the articles available and the abstracts resulted in choice of 29 articles which principally focused on enterprises for bettering the occupants light uponing accomplishments. Residents in all s ubjects set as instructors and function theoretical accounts for pupils, co-workers, and some other staff . ( Residents-as-Teachers Programs in Psychiatry A Systematic Review ) . Residents work closely with medical pupils in remarkable and have considerable chances to learn and act upon pupils cognition, postures, and behaviours. Since the early 1970s, the literature on the occupants accomplishment function has emphasized the demand to develop occupants as instructors every deed replete(p) as to measure the content and results of dictational plans. Overall, the literature shows that occupants wish to educate they want to be qualified as teachers and leaders . Most of the investigate available has been conducted in USA, UK and other developed states, where the government organisations argon back uping this function of occupants as instructors . Residency is a medical preparation phase of graduation. AA occupant doctor A orA hardly house physician A is person wh o has already completed the needed grade in medical specialty. They are anyhow referred to asA registrarsA in the U.K and other Commonwealth states. They besides pattern medical specialty under the disposal of the to the full licensedA doctors, by and large in infirmaries and clinics. A residence prevalently have it aways later on the internshipA twelvemonth or at some points includes the internship twelvemonth as the first twelvemonth of the plan. It gage besides come after the phase ofA family. here(predicate) the general practician is tr ained or qualifies in a sub-specialty. Surveies estimate that occupants spend up to 20 % of their primp on breeding activities-regardless of their future barter programs ( Resident-as-Teacher Course of poll Do article of belief Courses Make a Difference? ) as suggested by Maria A. Wamsley, MD, Katherine A. Julian, MD, Joyce E. Wipf, MD in their article. Harmonizing to the writers all occupants know and derive their debt instru ment and function every bit far as learning the medical pupils is concerned. Apart from the pupils they besides teach housemans and other fellow occupants. As these enquiry consequences were based on studies they have besides demonst markd how occupants non plainly bask learning except see it an of present moment portion of their ain comply. Second, they indicate how more than the occupants prefer learning on call patients instead than go toing talks etc. Another study that had been conducted for the enquiry above highlighted how the medical pupils anticipated that 1/3 of their cognition was attri preciselyed to the bid in the house.A study was conducted in 2001 that showed that 55 % of residence managers idea that the plans offered to occupants were official program lines sing learning accomplishments. It is noticeable how nonmigratory as-teacher course of study is going more widespread in the different residence plans, still the managers of these cartooned plans co mmunicate that thither is a demand for more occupant direction in learning . Another point is that apart from h obsolescenting published surveies available that describe the years, numerous of these, need to be evaluated for their effectivity.Another corpulent evidence is that these classs no uncertainty develop pupils rating of participants. There are 3 nonrandomized restricted surveies that calculate the evaluations for the pupils and they showed through statistics a noticeable betterment in resident ratings. However, when blow is assessed by consequence size, the per centum alteration in ratings after the intercession is little ( 2 % to 11 % ) , in portion due to the immersion of rating tonss in the upper one-half of the graduated tabularize. Yet in the largest operate onled survey, these differences resulted in occupants being perceived as first-class instead than unfeignedly good instructors. ( Maria A. Wamsley et Al )We whoremaster further understand the imp ortance of rep with the statement that these occupants are non merely specializer in their chosen Fieldss but they are besides learners or scholars i.e. larning on the occupation . ( Basuri et Al ) Majority of their accomplishment purports topographic point while they are executing their clinical responsibilities and pattern. The latter can be farther illustrated by the undermentioned illustration. The infusion was taken from the article related to Mount Sinai Hospital and the Resident reproduction Program. The Institute for Medical Education at the Mount Sinai School had developed a Resident Teaching Development Program ( RTDP ) in the twelvemonth 2001. It was a 7 hr multidisciplinary plan that had been initiated in this country of mental faculty development. The intent was to concentrate on the significance of the occupants as medical pedagogues in IME. The chief aim of this plan was to construct learning accomplishments in the occupants who wished to learn the pupils at the school of Medicine at Mount Sinai. It would in bend prove beneficial for the betterment of the timberland of clinical educational activity at the Mount Sinai Hospital and its affiliates . The development portion of the plan had the squad reexamining all go outing work that had been done in the country. What were the other establishments fashioning and how they were making it, and so on? They besides consulted pedagogues and conducted needs appraisal studies. After all the work they structured the class in a manner that it non merely included active acquisition and chances for pattern, integrating of the occupants ain regards, feedback on their usage of learning behaviours, and job resolution activities . Another of import portion of all this is that the autonomous acquisition encourages the occupants to egotism-assess and discombobulate individualised commission ends for themselves . The above clearly explains how of import the repp is non merely for any infi rmary or medical school but for the practicing occupants every bit good as the housemans and pupils who are go toing these classs.A research done on the competence based construction ( B. Kanna et Al ) suggested in its decision that Internal medical specialty occupants mentality in research can be significantly improved utilizing a research course of study offered through a structured and dedicated research rotary motion . It is further demonstrated by the advancement that can be seen in the joy of the occupants, the rate of engagement in as formed academic activities and result of the research for occupants since the beginning of the research rotary motion in different countries of the plans and preparationsIt is an ceremonious particular that occupants as pedagogues plan was a alone thought that has been at work since 1960 s. It has resulted in a positive bend out of the occupants and the pupils who are both profiting from such(prenominal) acquisition and skill based pla ns. all(prenominal) the research that has been conducted resulted in the same thought that more and more chances should be precondition to these occupants and their accomplishments and capablenesss should be improved so that larning can increase. One interesting fact was frequently highlighted by different research workers in their studies. It was whether learning improves the accomplishments of the practicing occupants or non? A hypothesis for a research highlights the undermentioned by saying that whether a skilled instructor has an increased likeliness of going a competent instructor or is the instance face-to-face. Their investigation and studies lead them to happen that their consequence assumeed the hypothesis. learning improved the sensed professional competence of medical doctor. ( Basuri et al ) . However it was roughlyly subjective with excellent quantitative grounds, still they did non happen any survey that disproved this point. In the first chapter we had estab lished in the issues sing the function of the occupants that emphasis needs to be given on how to construction a more efficient REP plan that will heighten non merely the accomplishments of these occupants but in bend improve the quality of larning that takes topographic point.Another survey found in Medical Teacher ( Vol. 24, No. 1, 2002 Busari et Al ) indicated that the occupants non merely idea of learning the medical pupils as their chief affair but that they besides learnt in the procedure. However, it is noticeable that learning is limited due to clip restrictions that may be needed for the preparedness and conductivity of the class coupled with better pedagogics accomplishments. In this survey the positions of Stewart & A Feltovich ( 1988 ) were besides confirmed who stated that occupants are in a alone fructify to learn and measure pupils because of their propinquity to the pupils . Many of the positions by the occupants supported this impression and included the und ermentioned pointsThey matte that the occupants were voluntarily available and had more contact clip with pupilsThey were in a better place every bit far as the rating of the pupils was concerned.They were weak to near as they were ever in the infirmary and on responsibilityFrom the pupils point of position the occupants were better at explicating things.Even though on that point was a common understanding that instruction was the one of the chief functions that occupants had, thither was a significant deficiency of the instruction clip and the know-how which caused hinderances in their function. This lowered their place to person merely as an attending staff member. Many a times it was noted by the occupants that while learning the pupils their ain accomplishments were tested and they has clip to critically reflect on their ain cognition. One should see it to be an of import motivational point which leads these occupants to constantly update themselves and therefore the procedur e of acquisition goes on.2.4 DecisionFrom the treatment and positions presented above the decision is obvious. Before get downing the chapter it was established that work in this country was required for Pakistan as this construct is new to this portion of the universe. Although establishments like AKU and ISRA are sREPping up their work in the field of REP much more has to be done. Developing a course of study for this country is so a challenge as to understand the significance of the attempts is required. From the above and many other treatments already published it is sight that occupants were non given the in truth accredited for the work that they have done or the occupation they perform. They have non been pictured comme il faut clip to better their accomplishments and these consequences in certain oversights in the instruction of assorted plans. We can see this from the survey conducted in another article which stated that there was cogent evidence that instruction class s improve resident self-assessed instruction behaviours, assurance as a instructor, and consequence in higher scholar ratings of occupants. ( Wamsley et al. ) it can be stated that based on the seen positive effects , one might reason that all residence plans should necessitate occupant learning direction. There are many obstructions nevertheless, sing the execution of the class. Teaching different plans prove to be time intensive for both the occupants and module. It is besides a challenge to supply the occupants with perpetual larning clip. Majority of the clip there is no support for making and learning these classs. Competing curricular demands for preparation may ensue in fewer time-intensive course of study. furthermore we can set up that these limitations might be a contributional factor towards the fact that about half of all residence plans do non supply conventional direction in learning. We have at the beginning of this chapter highlighted the importance for R EP with respects to Pakistan and besides have determine countries where work needs to be done. Pakistani universities particularly those covering with medical specialty and infirmaries like Aga Khan need to set in more attempt in bettering the position of occupants as instructors. clearly we have sREPped into this sphere and no uncertainty worked increasingly but every bit compared to what other states have done we are still far behind. and then we will reason our reappraisal here and further this research thesis to chapter 3 which will concentrate on the demand appraisal for the occupant as pedagogue plan and the development of the course of study for the said.Medical pupils often consider occupants to be their some of import instructors and look frontward to a direction function during residence ( Barrow, 1966 ) . Another survey, conducted more than twenty five old ages subsequently, confirms these findings ( Bing-You & A Sproul, 1992 ) . Brown ( 1970 ) , in a survey of house staff attitude towards instruction, found that occupants provide the bulk of clinical direction. Harmonizing to his findings, no 1 is more available to pupils and junior housestaff through all facets of medical attendance, even through the dark. He argues that without occupants, clinical module would necessitate to be available 24 hours a twenty-four hours. He found that all occupants consider themselves to be instructors, and pass 20A25 % of their clip supervision, measuring, or learning others. Residents besides attribute 40-50 % of their ain instruction to other housestaff. These findings are in maintaining with more recent surveies. Undergraduate surgery pupils credited housestafffor furnish about one tierce of the cognition acquired during their rotary motion ( Lowry, 1976 ) . In another survey ( Bing- You & amp Harvey, 1991 ) , pupils estimated that one tierce of their cognition could be attributed to housestaff instruction.Steward and Feltovich ( 1988 ) argue that for le arning medical pupils, no 1 is more available or better qualified than a occupant ( p. 4 ) . Residents occupy an intermediate place between module and pupils in footings of cognition, authorization, experience, and are less intimidating to pupils. Their propinquity, in footings of period of preparation, enables them to better understand the practical demands and jobs of pupils. Tremonti and Biddle ( 1982 ) emphasis that occupants functions as instructors are complimentary, and non redundant, with that of module. Residents concentrate on day-to-day patient attention issues on a big figure of patients and pass more clip on the ward and at the bedside. Faculty, on the other manus, emphasis in depth treatment, psychosocial issues, and job work outing accomplishments on a little figure of patients.The fact that occupants spend more clip with pupils and are closer to their degree does non needfully do them effectual instructors. Irby ( 1978 ) found that although pupils rated occupant s as being more involved in their clinical instruction, occupants were thought to be less effectual than module. Merely 10 % of pupils in another survey ( Brown, 1971 ) felt that housestaff instruction was peculiarly effectual when it was done at all ( p. 93 ) . Wilkerson, Lesky, and Medio, ( 1986 ) studied the learning accomplishments of occupants during work unit of ammunitions. The consequences aindicated that during work rounds the occupants exhibited few of the instruction behaviours that can heighten acquisition in a patient attention puting , that pupils and housemans were frequently inactive members of the work squad, with the bulk of clinical determinations being made byoccupants Clinical logical thinking, job resolution and superviseddetermination doing were non accepted as acquisition ends that might be pursued while charts were being reviewed and patients were being visited .The occupant appeared to gestate instruction as a schoolroom act and compare it totalking ( p. 827 ) . Lewis and Kappelman ( 1984 ) noted that occupants most often use an autocratic talk manner in learning. Ironically, this was occupants least favorite attack as scholars. Medio, Wilkerson, Lesky, and Borkan ( 1988 ) observed occupants during work unit of ammunitions.Residents did non frequently deliberately use day-to-day patient brushs for learning. When they did mean to learn during work unit of ammunitions, they commonly provided brief talks. Not merely did the survey show the limited repertory of learning accomplishments used by most occupants, but it besides delineated the many instruction chances that were being overlooked. For most occupants, learning had turn synonymous with prepared talks and was, hence, incompatible with the unpredictable demands of patient attention ( p. 215 ) .Meleca and Pearsol ( 1988 ) impulse that occupants be made cognizant of and take avail of their duties and docile minutes ( i.e. , learning chances ) . One survey ( Bergen, Stratos , Berman, & A Skeff, 1993 ) compared the clinical instruction abilities of occupants and go toing doctors in the inmate and talk scenes. Overall, occupants and attentions received similar evaluations. Where there was a difference, module were rated higher than occupants. Of note, evaluations for both collections were by and large low in each class proposing the demand for engagement in REPs by both groups.Residents by and large have a positive attitude towards their function as instructors. The huge bulk of occupants enjoy learning ( 89 % of 68 respondents ) ( Apter, et al. , 1988 ) . In this survey, enjoyment of instruction was positively associated with increased readying clip and perceptual experience of positive consequences of learning. Bing-You and Harvey ( 1991 ) are the first to turn to whether an association between a positive attitude towards learning and perceptual experiences towards learning are associated withbetter pupil ratings of learning. Twenty one ( of 24 ) o ccupants completed a questionnaire in station to study their attitude towards learning. They were later evaluated by 3rd twelvemonth medical pupils over a one twelvemonth period. Residents propensity to learn was most powerfully correlated ( 0.77 ) with active engagement of pupils and was the lone attitude correlating with overall learning effectivity ( 0.54 ) . Unfortunately, no correlativity was found between pupil evaluations of occupants as instructors and occupants self- appraisal of learning effectivity. Of note, occupants holding participated in a REP were more confident as instructors, were rated more extremely in actively affecting pupils and in supplying way and feedback, and were besides more confident as instructors.Although occupants have major learning duties, grounds exists that they may non have adequate support or readying for this function and that barriers hinder optimum instruction. A US national study of general running(a) residence plan managers ( Anders on, Anderson, & A Scholten, 1990 ) posed three inquiries ( 1 ) To what extent do surgical occupants Teach and measure medical pupils? ( 2 ) How are surgical occupants prepared for and evaluated on their instruction duties? ( 3 ) What are the surgical plan managers sentiments approximately occupants as instructors? Virtually all( 98 % ) surgical occupants had learning duties. However, merely 36 % of plans provided occupants with written ratings of their instruction, and 60 % of plan managers did non believe it was of import for occupants to have formal preparation in learning accomplishments. Merely 14 % of occupants in this survey had attended shops on learning. Two other surveies ( Callen & A Roberts, 1980, Brown, 1971 ) study similar findings. Thirteen per centum of 136 psychopathology occupants, and 15 % of 28 surgery occupants had anterior teacher preparation. A more favorable proportion ( i.e. , 38 % of 21 occupants ) is cited in one survey ( Bing-You & A Harvey, 1991 ) . Th is likely reflects the writer s outstanding function in advancing and developing resident instruction accomplishments at his establishment. Schiffman ( 1986 ) asks How so do house officers learn how to learn? The obvious reply is that the house officer has had twenty old ages of observation of his or her ain instructors upon which to pattern his or her manner ( p. 55 ) . This remains unequal.If most occupants do non hold prior teacher instruction, do they at least receive utile feedback on the instruction that they do? In 1978, the American Association of Medical Colleges ( AAMC ) surveyed fragments of internal medical specialty, paediatricss, psychopathology, surgery, and household medical specialty ( Tonesk, 1979 ) . Merely 87 of 319 ( 27 % ) plans included learningpublic presentation as portion of occupants ratings, and those that did normally merely required a planetary appraisal of learning ability. The information on supervising of instruction is every bit black. Apter, Me tzger, and Glassroth ( 1988 ) study that merely 13 % ( of 68 ) occupants felt that module supervising of their instruction was optimum, and 58 % indicated that they had neer been supervised. In one survey ( Callen & A Roberts, 1980 ) , 78 % ( of 136 ) psychopathology occupants thought that the chief ground occupants are required to learn medical pupils is to liberate up clip, clip for module to engage research and other things. On norm, these occupants estimated that they spent 9 hours per hebdomad in learning activities. Despite this big learning committedness, merely 32 % of occupants thought that they should be required to go to REPs. When the inquiry of go toing a resident REP is posed otherwise, 53 % ( Apter, et al. , 1988 ) to 66 % ( Brown, 1970 ) of occupants stated they would be interested in go toing a workshop if it were offered.In add-on to less than satisfactory support for their instruction function, occupants face other hindrances. Time and conflicting demands seem to be most of import. Eighty seven per centum of occupants cited either their ain or their pupils time- devouring ward responsibilities as the not bad(p)est obstruction to learning( Apter, et al. , 1988 ) . Post call exhaustion was besides an of import factor ( 49 % ) doing learning hard.Kates and Lesser ( 1985 ) place what they consider to be major jobs faced by occupants when learning. They quote the AAMC study cited above ( Tonesk, 1979 ) and condemn station alumnus plans for the deficiency of accent placed on occupants learning function. Beyond this, occupants may be ill-defined about what their existent function is in footings of oversing learning junior housestaff, and every bit mentioned, they are normally unprepared for their instruction map. Residents are normally unfamiliar with the larning aims of the juniors they supervise and teach. Despite this, they are normally called upon to assist measure them. The occupants ain supervisors frequently provide unequal superv ising and support for occupants. This, in itself, may understate the importance of learning for the occupant. Finally, few plans make any specific attempts to organize instruction chances for occupants with a particular involvement in instruction.Admiting the many jobs faced by occupants when instruction, and their less than optimum readying for their instruction function, non much is known sing the demands of occupants in footings of planing a REP. Boule and Chamberland ( in imperativeness ) addressed this issue from a occupants position byinquiring them What sort of preparation do you necessitate to learn more efficaciously? Eighty occupants responded. Two tierces of their replies corresponded with demands normally addressed by REPs, while one third were concerned with medical competence and clip direction. Nine cardinal words were most often cited in their responses ( in order of precedence ) ( 1 ) division of work / instruction clip, ( 2 ) instruction methods, ( 3 ) medicalc ognition, ( 4 ) aims, ( 5 ) synthesis accomplishments, ( 6 ) feedback, ( 7 ) motive, ( 8 ) psychological science applied to instruction, and ( 9 ) pupil jobs. More research needs to be done in the country of the instructor instruction demands of occupants. Otherpositions and other beginnings of information should congratulate that of occupants. experiential Research on Resident REPsAn extended reappraisal of the medical instruction literature was undertaken to place bing surveies of resident REPs. Twenty- six-spot mentions were identified between 1963 and 1991. Of the 26 studies, one survey was set forth in three different publications ( Greenberg, et al. , 1984 Greenberg, Jewett, & A Goldberg, 1988 Jewett, et al. , 1982 ) , and twain surveies were reported twice ( Camp & A Hoban, 1988 Camp, Hoban, & A Katz, 1985 ) and ( Lazerson, 1972 Lazerson, 1973 ) . Furthermore,chapter nine ( Edwards, Kissling, Paluche, & A Marier, 1988b ) of Edwards and Marier s ( 1988 ) book, Clinic al Teaching for Medical Residents Roles Techniques, and Programs, outlines a resident REP used for two surveies ( Phase I and Phase II ) that were reported elsewhere ( Edwards, Kissling, Brannan, Plauche, & A Marier, 1988a Edwards, Kissling, Plauche, & A Marier, 1988 ) . This plan was besides used for a 3rd survey ( Edwards, Kissling, Plauche, & A Marier, 1986 ) . Therefore, a sum of 21 different surveies and 19 different resident REPs were identified. Of the 19 resident REPs, two really depict undergraduate medical school electives one offered as a 3rd twelvemonth elective ( Craig & A Page, 1987 ) , the other as a 4th twelvemonth elective ( Sobral, 1989 ) . Another plan ( Lazerson, 1972 Lazerson, 1973 ) can be more accurately described as a learning experience under supervising instead than a resident REP. This survey describes the experience of psychopathology occupants given the chance to learn undergraduate psychological science at a community college. Although these oc cupants received feedback on their instruction accomplishments, no formal instructor preparation was undertaken. Consequently, merely 18 surveies described 16 plans in which occupants underwent a course of study with a specific end of developing learning accomplishments.A database was created pull outing information from all surveies for easy comparing. The information was organized into thefollowing Fieldss ( 1 ) Engagement ( voluntary or compulsory ) ( 2 ) N ( i.e. , figure ) ( 3 ) Forte ( of occupants ) ( 4 ) degree ( i.e. , postgraduate twelvemonth ( PGY ) of preparation of occupant ) ( 5 ) Goals & A Objectives ( of REP ) ( 6 ) Methodology ( i.e. , break apart design ) ( 7 ) Program Format ( 8 ) Instructor ( s ) ( i.e. , professional pedagogues or doctors ) ( 9 ) Consultation ( s ) ( i.e. , whether or non professional pedagogues were involved in plan development or execution ) ( 10 ) Timeline ( i.e. , figure of hours over what clip frame ) ( 11 ) Content ( of REP ) ( 12 ) Program Evaluation ( consequences ) ( 13 ) Study Results ( 14 ) Problems ( identified ) ( 15 ) Recommendations ( practical ) .The first occupant REP reported ( Husted & A Hawkins, 1963 ) dates back to 1963. This instance survey was initiated as a pilot undertaking. The research workers asked section presidents to ask for two occupants each to take part in the plan. Give the voluntary nature of the class, occupants could worsen the invitation. A sum of seven occupants participated in the six lecture-discussion Sessionss. No effort was made to measure outcome mensurations. Even the plan itself was non assessed with any asperity. The writers conclude that participants were certain plenty that the pilot venture was of sufficient make to them to take to the suggestion that the orientation be repeated and the invitations expanded ( p. 115 ) . The learning function of occupants has become progressively moreprominent over the old ages, with 17 of the 26 mentions being publi shed since 1985, and the recent publication of books on the topic ( Edwards & A Marier, 1988 Schwenk & A Whitman, 1984 Weinholtz & A Edwards, 1992 ) . A sum-up of the medical instruction literature on this topic will be the focal point of the balance of chapter two.EngagementEngagement in the REP was voluntary in 9 surveies, mandate in 6, and non stated in the staying 7. Assorted statements can be made for and against both schemes, but no decisions can be drawn from these surveies. Leting occupants to opt-out of REPs, nevertheless, may ensue in pretermiting those occupants who need it most.ForteGeneral internal medical specialty is the most represented of all fortes among the surveies reviewed. Internal medical specialty occupants were involved in 11 of the 22 plans. Those surveies ( e.g. , Edwards, et al. , 1988 ) looking for differentiations between fortes by and large found no important differences.I, evelNo consensus exists as to when is the best clip to present a oc cupant REP. A speedy glimpse at the mark audience ( i.e. , station alumnus twelvemonth of preparation ) of the assorted REPs outlined makes this clear. Five plans were geared to PGY 1 occupants and four plans were geared to all degrees of residence. Twoplans were undergraduate medical school electives. Other degrees were the mark in five plans and no information was available for the staying six. Merely one survey ( Bing-You, 1990 ) addressed plan results in relation to degree of preparation. Further surveies are needed to specify the best clip to put on REPs. Readiness to larn, degree of professional competency, viing demands / handiness, and cost effectivity ( e.g. , concluding twelvemonth occupants merely have a bunco instruction calling staying ) are merely a few of the factors to be considered.Goals and AimsGoals and Aims varied well between plans. Although none of the plans officially stated the theoretical underpinnings from which the ends and aims emanated, the linguist ic communication used to depict them is uncovering. The desire to transportation information is outstanding. Programs instead wanted to introduce occupants with ( Husted & A Hawkins, 1963 ) , supply information ( Brown, 1971 ) , introduce constructs ( Lewis & A Kappleman, 1984 ) , or have occupants gain cognition / become familiar with ( Camp & A Hoban, 1988 Camp, et al. , 1985 ) . Standard behavioral aims were besides common. For illustration, one plan ( Husted & A Hawkins, 1963 ) expected take parting occupants to be able to ( a ) select the appropriate ( learning ) technique and ( B ) Begin to develop accomplishment in self-appraisal of their ability to efficaciously work in their instruction function ( p. 111 ) , while another ( Edwards, et al. , 1988b ) expected occupants to give feedback to scholars ( p. 159 ) . The diction in two farther surveies alludes to constructivism ( 1 ) The workshop s purpose is non to learn learning accomplishments, such as lectur e or running a tutorial, but to research the organisational facets of oversing a pupil such as the relationship between the occupant and their ain supervisor, and their apprehension of the aims of the clerk s rotary motion ( italics mine ) ( Kates & A Lesser, 1985, p. 418 ) , and ( 2 ) to spread out the occupants construct of learning ( italics mine ) ( Medio, et al. , 1988, p. 214 ) . Finally, one survey ( Edwards, et al. , 1988b ) had increased assurance in instruction ( cf. , learning self-efficacy ) as a plan end.MethodologyIt is beyond the range of this thesis to discourse the methodologic defects of the surveies reviewed. The patient- centred tread of infirmary pattern and postgraduate medical developing do it hard to run educational experiments in this context. The writers of the reviewed surveies should be commended for their attempts and advanced efforts to present and reply inquiries. Of the 22 database entries, 19 are instance surveies. Two of these make an effort a t an experimental design quasi-experimental ( Snell, 1989 ) , and case-control, pre- and post- observation ( Medio, et al. , 1988 ) . Both of these surveies used occupants who did non go to the REP as a comparing ( i.e. , control ) group. The mere fact that they did non take to go to makes them different any differences found between the two groups may merely as probably be attributed to the features of the persons in the several groups as to the intercession ( i.e. , REP ) . Decision from these surveies should be interpreted with cautiousness. One of the database references is a simple plan description with survey consequences reported elsewhere. The staying two surveies ( one of which is reported three times ) ( Edwards, et al. , 1988a Greenberg, et al. , 1984 Greenberg, et al. , 1988 Jewett, et al. , 1982 ) have a randomised instance control design. Both have a comparatively little entire figure of survey topics, 22 and53 severally.FormatOverall, an effort was made to ut ilize instructional methods that actively involve occupants. For the most portion, nevertheless, this merely meant holding occupants take portion in group treatments ( cf. , reliable activities e.g. , Collins, et al. , 1991 ) . Lave and Wenger ( 1991 ) , in their treatment of discourse and pattern, stress the of import differences between speaking about a pattern from outside and speaking within it ( p. 107 ) . They argue that for fledglings so the intent is non to larn from talk as a heir for legitimate peripheral engagement it is to larn to speak as a key to legalize peripheral engagement ( original accent ) ( p. 109 ) . As discussed in an earlier subdivision of this chapter, Lave and Wenger ( 1991 ) distinguish between a acquisition course of study dwelling of located chances and a instruction course of study constructed for direction. From their position, so, larning becomes a inquiry of entree to legalize pattern as a larning resource instead than supplying direction. Mos t of the plans described, it seems, hold small foundation in a societal / situated position of grownup instruction. A few surveies, nevertheless, did effort tostress the of import function of experience as portion of the REP microteaching, with and without video playback ( Lawson & A Harvill, 1980 Medio, et al. , 1988 Pristach, et al. , 1991 Snell, 1989 ) , and function playing ( Edwards, et al. , 1988b Sobral, 1989 ) .TimelineIn Jarvis ( 1992 ) treatment of larning in the workplace, he reminds us that there are two basic signifiers of experience ancient and secondary experience. The former involves the existent experience people have in a given state of affairs this type of experience molds their self-identity to a great extent. The latter involves experiences in which interaction or instruction occurs over and above the primary experience ( p. 108-181 ) . Although microteaching and function playing may be ( or come near to being ) reliable activities, they would still be classified as secondary experiences from Jarvis point of position. It must be remembered that whether or non residency plans decide to develop and implement REPs, occupants will still hold major learning duties ( and chances ) . Most plans did non take specific advantage of occupants current learning assignments as a acquisition resource. One plan ( Snell, 1989 ) did reference that occupants had an chance to pattern the ( freshly learned learning ) accomplishments onthe wards during the hebdomads between Sessionss ( italics mine ) ( p. 125 ) . Another plan, dwelling of two three-hour workshops, separated both workshops by 5 months so that the experimental group had an chance to use these ( learning ) accomplishments in their day-to-day activities ( italics mine ) ( P.361 ) . Unfortunately, without construction and followup, pupils ( including occupants ) do non ever take advantage of chances. None of the plans specifically structured and included such learning activities.The first determination when make up ones minding on a timeline for a plan is make up ones minding whether to offer a one-shot or a longitudinal experience. A 2nd determination besides involves timing should occupants take portion in a REP merely while they have learning duties? A plan based on a longitudinal experience while occupants have learning duties can take advantage of Jarvis alleged primary experiences. The plan developed as portion of this thesis was specifically designed with these thoughts in head and included a Undertaking for the Week between Sessionss ( see chapter three ) . A learning undertaking was assigned at the conclusion of the each seminar based on that seminar s content. A lab-coat pocket sized reminder card was handed out to occupants. The undertaking became the focal point of a contemplation ( and reappraisal ) exercising at the beginning of the following hebdomadal session.Of involvement, none of the surveies were specifically designed to mensurate th e impact of a instruction duty itself on results meters. This is one of the research inquiries addressed by this thesis.In those surveies noticing on timeline, about half provided a longitudinal experience while the other half offered a one- shooting exposure ( e.g. , 7 hr Teachathon ( Maxmen, 1980 ) ) .ContentProgram content, where provided, variably included the undermentioned subjects ( 1 ) theories / theoretical accounts of instruction, ( 2 ) theories / theoretical accounts of acquisition, ( 3 ) big group learning / lecture, ( 4 ) little group learning / treatment, ( 5 ) one-on- one instruction, ( 6 ) bedside instruction, and ( 7 ) rating / feedback.Program EvaluationAll plans were rated favorably there was a high grade of satisfaction with both direction and content. Residents considered the experience valuable and utile.Study ResultsImpact of resident REPs.All but one of the surveies designed to look into the impact of resident REP demonstrated a positive consequence. Br own ( 1971 ) used a pre- and post- 50 point multiplex pick trial to measure alterations in occupants cognition of instruction and acquisition. No important difference was found at the 0.05 degree ( i.e. , average 24.0 vs. 24.7 ) . On the other manus, Edwards, Kissling, Plauche, & A Marier ( 1986 ) study that after one twelvemonth, 67 % of occupants could still remember specific points presented, and 61 % reported utilizing thoughts from the class in their instruction. Overall, cognition was non an of import results step in the surveies reviewed.Improvements in learning behaviors have been the chief focal point of most surveies measuring results. Beginnings of perceptual experiences have included occupants ( i.e. , self ) , pupils, equals ( i.e. , other occupants and module ) , every bit good as professional pedagogues. Improvements in self-concept and self-reported behaviors were demonstrated in four surveies ( Bing-You & A Greenberg, 1990 Edwards, et al. , 1986 Edwards, et al . , 1988 Snell, 1989 ) . Student evaluations of occupants who attended a instruction accomplishments workshop were significantly higher ( p & lt 0.05 ) onfour of nine dimensions including overall instruction effectivity ( Edwards, et al. , 1988 ) . In another survey ( Edwards, et al. , 1986 ) an effort was made to crush the consequence of a resident REP on pupil evaluations of occupant instruction unluckily, the information was excessively bare to be interpreted validly.Improvements in resident instruction behaviors have besides been studied by observation methods. One survey ( Camp & A Hoban, 1988 Camp, et al. , 1985 ) used direct informal observation of occupant instruction by pedagogues to measure alteration. Faculty perceivers believed that the participants showed that they had put into pattern many of the accomplishments that had been discussed and demonstrated in the class on learning ( p. 212 ) . More formal efforts to recover and step alterations in occupant ins truction behavior, utilizing observation instruments, exist. A case-control pre- and post- observation survey ( Medio, et al. , 1988 ) demonstrated an betterment in the intervention group as compared to controls. apiece occupant ( 6 intervention and 6 controls ) was observed during one work unit of ammunition while reexamining an norm of 10 patients. Unfortunately, the little sample size, and the fact that controls consisted of occupants non take parting in the plan ( i.e. , non-random ) make reading of the consequences hard. Snell ( 1989 ) , utilizing a similar experimental design with 9 topics and 5 controlsshowed that post-intervention tonss increased in all three countries measured ( i.e. , talk, tutorial, and treatment ( p & lt 0.05 ) ) . Observation surveies utilizing videotaped occupant instruction besides demonstrated a positive impact of REPs on learning behaviors ( Bing-You, 1990 Edwards, et al. , 1988a Greenberg, et al. , 1984 Greenberg, et al. , 1988 Jewett, e t al. , 1982 Lawson & A Harvill, 1980 ) .Need for reinforcement / long term consequence.How long are betterments in learning accomplishments maintained after a REP? One group of research workers ( Edwards, et al. , 1988a ) noted that betterment in occupants accomplishments ( videotaped learning ) had declined when steps were repeated six months subsequently evaluations were, nevertheless, still higher than pre- direction. The writers suggest that occupants may necessitate periodic short refresher classs to reenforce learning accomplishments throughout their residence. Of involvement, another survey ( Edwards, et al. , 1986 ) utilizing the same REP found that station class betterments in self-rated instruction accomplishments endured without fall apart for at least a twelvemonth and a half ( p. 970 ) . Furthermore, occupants could still remember and explicate major learning points and reported that they had used these learning points 18 months after the class ( p. 970 ) . Similarly, Snell ( 1989 ) found that increased evaluations oflearning behaviors ( based on observations ) were maintained for eight months after a REP. Overall, small is known about the rate of decay of occupants learning accomplishments after a REP. An interesting, and unreciprocated, inquiry is whether or non concentrating on attitude and self-efficacy ( cf. , specific learning behavior ) has any consequence on the rate of decay. Assurance / self-efficacy.Although the concept of self-efficacy has non specifically been used as an outcomes step, self-reported self- assurance has. Interestingly, those surveies measuring alterations in assurance did non seek to show an association with alterations in instruction behavior. Further, the impact of a instruction assignment itself ( i.e. , experience ) on assurance has non been explicitly addressed. All three of these issues are specifically addressed in the survey described in this thesis.Snell ( 1989 ) measured self-confidence pre- and post-course by self appraisal questionnaire. Significant additions in assurance in learning were found in the intervention group ( P & lt 0.05 ) . Snell goes on to notice that eight months after the class, the occupants all thought that they were moreconfident in their instruction ( p. 126 ) . Unfortunately, the information is non presented nor is the analysis. Besides, no reference of control group comparing is made.Bing-You and Greenberg ( 1990 ) assessed occupants assurance as instructors and perceptual experiences toward learning utilizing a pre- workshop questionnaire. However, no post-workshop questionnaire was given hence, no remark on the impact of the REP on assurance can be made. At the beginning of the plan, 25 % of occupants felt confident or really confident as instructors ( 68 % fairly confident, and 7 % non confident ) . Perceived feedback of their instruction was similar to assurance degrees, with 32 % describing positive or really positive feedbac k.Bing-You ( 1990 ) used a pre- and post-workshop questionnaire to measure occupants attitude towards learning. In add-on, trained raters assessed videotapes of occupant instruction at the terminal of the workshop and once more at a mean of 6.3 months subsequently ( 2-11 months ) . However, no illations can be made sing the relationship between learning attitude and instruction behaviors given the two different survey designs for each results step ( i.e. , pre-post vs. speedy anddelayed station ) . After the workshop, both occupants and housemans rated themselves as more effectual ( p & lt 0.05 ) as instructors inthe country of cognition ( utilizing mentions ) but merely the housemans felt more effectual in their proficient accomplishments ( P & lt 0.01 ) . Without direct entree to the questionnaire points, it is hard to find whether usage of mentions and proficient accomplishments represent attitude or self-reported behaviors.The most interesting and best designed of the surveies looking at assurance has been reported three times ( Greenberg, et al. , 1984 Greenberg, et al. , 1988 Jewett, et al. , 1982 ) . The research workers used a pre-test / post-test control design to analyze the impact of the workshops random assignment of 27 in the experimental group attended workshop and audience Sessionss 26 in the control group had no intercession. Three results steps were assessed ( 1 ) self-assessment preA & A post-questionnaires measuring occupants learning attitude and perceptual experiences of instruction, ( 2 ) equal, pupil, and module rating of occupant instruction, and ( 3 ) videotaped Sessionss of occupant instruction were analyzed by nonphysicians utilizing an instrument deigned to categorise occupants behavior every 3 seconds.Forty-nine of the 53 occupants completed both self-assessment questionnaires 18 % of occupants were confident or really confident as instructors at beginning of survey. After the class, 42 % of the experimental gro up and 22 % of the control group( P & lt 0.05 ) were confident or really confident as instructors. Besides, 87 % of experimental group felt their instruction accomplishments were bettering ( vs. 52 % control ) .After the class, module, pupils, and equals rated 52 % of experimental occupants as effectual ( vs. 27 % of controls nearing statistical significance ) . No effort was made to show an association of alteration in attitude with a alteration in behavior.The writers report that a figure of important correlativities were found between the assurance of occupants in both groups ( experimental and control ) as instructors and their perceptual experiences of learning as a duty ( p. 362 ) . Percept of learning as a duty was divided into 4 classs ( 1 ) attitude towards instruction, ( 2 ) their function as a instructor, ( 3 ) instruction methods, and ( 4 ) bettering clinical instruction. The scope of reported correlativity coefficients ( absolute value ) was 0.26-0.58. If ass urance as a instructor is accepted as a step of learning self-efficacy, it can be assumed that this one point step of grade of assurance as a instructor utilizing a Likert graduated table is neither as valid nor every bit dependable as a multi-item graduated table measuring the same concept. Therefore, one can roll in the hay that the assurance as a instructor point in this survey is a generic or planetary ( albeitprogressive ) step of learning self-efficacy. Of involvement, many of the points in Greenberg, Goldberg, and Jewett s ( 1984 ) instrument measuring occupants perceptual experience of learning duty could arguably be said to measure the assorted dimensions of learning self efficaciousness as described by Ashton ( 1984 ) . For case, Teaching medical pupils is one of the primary duties of the occupant ( p. 362 ) corresponds with the dimension of Personal Responsibility for Student Learning ( p. 29 ) of Ashton s eight dimensions of learning self-efficacy. It is non s urprising, hence, to happen so many ( and statistically important ) correlativities between assurance as a instructor and perceptual experiences of learning as a duty. Most of the points in the perceptual experiences of learning as a duty merely tap the assorted dimensions of learning self-efficacy. Further support for this statement will blossom in the methods and consequences chapters of this thesis, as many of the points from Greenberg, Goldberg, and Jewett s ( 1984 ) instrument measuring occupants perceptual experience of learning duty were incorporated into the thesis s survey instrument where good internal consistence dependability was found.Camp and Hoban ( 1988 ) identified the instruction scenes encountered by occupants ( 1 ) Case presentations ( 2 ) Teaching on work unit of ammunitions ( 3 ) Teaching clinical accomplishments class to undergraduate medical pupils ( 4 ) Large group presentations / talks ( 5 ) subtle group presentations / seminars. Although occupants are on occasion called upon to talk and make presentations, mostof their instruction occurs in little groups utilizing a dynamic tutorial manner. Apter, Metzger, and Glassroth ( 1988 ) quantified the most frequent instruction scenes among occupants patients bedside ( 45.5 % ) one-to-one supervising of junior squad members ( 25.5 % ) sit-down ward rounds ( 23.6 % ) .

Differences in memory management between Windows and Linux Essay

Differences in memory management between Windows and Linux Windows and Linux are two of the most commonly used operational systems to date. Windows is used more by beginners and everyday computer users, while Linux is used more by advanced users and is dubbed the hackers operating system. some(prenominal) the operating systems have their advantages and their disadvantages. This writing willing be differentiate the two in the operating systems memory management aspect. Windows manages their virtual memory in a tree data structure. each node in the tree is called a virtual address descriptors (VAD). Virtual memory descriptors mark each node on the tree as free, reserved, or committed virtual memory. A process beings with all addresses free which means they can be committed to memory or be reserved for approaching use. Before any free address can be used it has to first be allocated as reserved or committed. Linux uses a linked careen data structure which is stored in the vm_area_ struct structure and defined in .The link list data begins search whenever a paginate is found and records the range of address, apology mode, and the direction in which it grows. If the number of entries becomes greater than 32, Linux will convert the linked list into a tree data structure depending on the current situation. Both Windows and Linuxs memory management systems distribute the process virtual address space in a similar manner. By using paging, Windows on 32bit systems will have access up to a 4GB of standal cardinal logical address space and physical memory. The upper part of the address space is allocated with 2GB of memory for windows kernel-mode, while the commence part is also allocated with 2GB of memory for user-mode. While Linux can also access 4GB of physical memory the difference is the upper part is allocated with 1GB of memory for kernel-mode, while the unhorse part is allocated with 1GB for user-mode.An important part in any memory management system is the page replacement system. Page replacement decides which memory pages to page let on when a page of memory needs to be allocated. Windows uses cluster demand paging, which pages are brought in the memory when they are needed. It will also bring one through eight pages in memory simultaneously instead of bringing them one by one. Windowspaging system uses a working set concept, which is headstrong by amount of memory assigned in the current process. It contains pages that are in the main memory which the size of the working set will be altered accordingly. The page replacement algorithm used for Windows is, First in, First Out algorithm (F.I.F.O). Linux on the other hand uses demand paging so any pages no needed will not be swapped into the memory.Therefore, pages not being used will be avoided and not be read. It will also lessen the amount of physical memory and the time used to swap the pages. Linux also uses valid and non-valid bits to identify between pages that are in memo ry and disk. The page replacement algorithm used for Linux is, Least Recently Used algorithm (L.R.U). While both Windows and Linux have their advantages and disadvantages in the operating system. They both have Gordian memory management systems which fulfills the users need when choosing an OS. With time we can only imagine the complexity of the future memory management systems in both Windows and Linux.ReferencesFelixbytow. (2012, July 08). FAQ/LinkedLists. Retrieved from KernelNewbieshttp//kernelnewbies.org/FAQ/LinkedListsKath, R. (1993, January 20). Managing Virtual Memory. Retrieved from Microsofthttp//msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/ program library/ms810627.aspxRparrett. (2012, 08 22). About Memory Management. Retrieved from Windowshttp//msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/desktop/aa366525%28v=vs.85%29.aspxRusling, D. A. (1996-1999). Memory Management. Retrieved from TLDPhttp//www.tldp.org/LDP/tlk/mm/memory.html

People with Learning Disability Essay

To make sure that people with learning difficulties atomic number 18 able to live in their flats independently and non go through either ab social occasion, there are various strategies to help them much(prenominal) as Protection of Vulnerable Adults outline (POVA)The Protection of Vulnerable Adults (POVA) scheme was July 2004 was introduced to protect unprotected adults such as people with learning disability who are aged 18 years and over in care settings. Employers or managers are required to check the POVA list when employing workers, carers or volunteers who are in regular contact with vulnerable adults. They also have a responsibility to get up care workers to the POVA list if they have harmed vulnerable adults in their care. When an individuals name is placed on the POVA list, that person is non able to work with vulnerable adults until his or her name is removed from the list. The POVA scheme is designed to give signifi brush asidetly greater protection to vulnerable adults. Employers have a duty to check that say-so new care workers are not on the POVA list before allowing them to work in a care position. They will have to do it as part of the CRB Disclosure application process.Multi-agency workingMulti-agency working means different expediencys, agencies, teams of professionals and other staff working together to provide services that decorous the inevitably of vulnerable adults. As multi-agency working maintains vulnerable adults such as learning disabled people, it puts them at the centre of decision making in order to meet their need and improve their lives. Multi agency working encourages problems to be identified early and can be intervened. They share and manage information and keep the information up to go through. They keep in track any improvements the clients have made or any improvements that needs to be made. They co-operate with each other. So, if there is any suspicion of abuse, they use the same strategies to deal with th e abuse and safeguard adults from any harm or danger. In this way, it helps to minimise the potential for abuse. running(a) practices needs assessmentService users needs must be assessed so that we are able to know their strengths. We can also find the areas where they need help and support and plan appropriate levels of support to improve the service users lives. Their needs are assessed to monitor if they are improving or getting worse. If the service users needs are not considered or met properly then abuse such as physical, financial, psychological abuse, etc can occur intentionally or unintentionally, which can deteriorate the health of the service user. When assessing the needs of the service users, it is fundamental to identify the vulnerability of the service user so that further steps can be taken to avoid any risk of potential abuse. In this way, needs assessment is vital when care planning for service users.Oral/Written/Electronic communicationCommunication is an importa nt way of minimising any potential abuse. Effective communication with service users and others involved in their care is essential. We are able to find out their needs and problems if we are able to communicate with them effectively. The information of the service user must only be given to people who need to know about the service user. It should be kept safe and confidential from other people and prevent any risk of harm or danger. For example, keeping information in computers with passwords, etc.Working in compact with service usersIt is important that care professionals work in partnership with service users so that they can gain trust from them and feel much empowered. This way they are able to feel more confident when talking about their problems and worries. From this, we are able to find out if they are being abused. They wouldnt hesitate when talking about the abuse. Partnership with service users also means care professionals helping service users to recognise when a re lationship is abusive. Care workers can help them to know more about how to protect themselves by knowing their rights and how to complain. Thus, potential abuse can be minimised by working in partnership with service users.Strategies between professionals and within organisationsIt is vital to have effective communication between professionals and organisations so that service user is protected. When there are any changes such as improvement in service users or degrading in their health conditions or if there is a suspicion of abuse, information must be shared by communication. By communicating, they are able to monitor the service users well being and they can be up to date with information of service users. They are able to take action and ensure that service users needs are met.

Broken Family Essay

Family is the basic unit of society. This is the most essential comp mavennt of a country. Governance will only be effective if the citizens are the right way oriented with good values and virtues, which is commonly taught by the family.A home is where a family lives. It may be alternated to the word home but a house is more appropriately referring to the material structure, whereas home refers to the intangible things that bind together the family members. It is the immeasurable love and care that keeps together the mother, father and their children.However, no matter how example a family in the terms of their relationship, there are still hardships and misunderstandings that will come along the way. It is just mapping of any relationship anyway. just now, the sad part is when one of the family members gave up and the others have no choice but to accept and let go. Thus, the family starts to be broken. Broken Family is a family with children involved where parents are legally o r illegally separatedwhose parents have decided to go and live their lives separately for several reasons/problems.Too many arguments that might lead to divorce and the parents divide their children. only if I believe its mostly cause by drugs or money. Too much money leads to arguments and greediness which causes to forget about love and divorce. Too unretentive leads to depression and arguments and feels like they have to split up and start over. Drugs messes with whatsoeverones head and they mostly die or the family leaves that person behind for the cause of the childrens growing. But its not all parents, some teenagers runs away from home, of course, with their own reasoning. Some parents children die and it causes them to split. For the cause of the childs growing, they divorce and find some place else . Or sometimes, its work. Not working too much or a workaholic may lead up for a broken family. Or if person dies, then of course theyre broken inside the most.Though your an swer is very good, I think you miss one detail. Another cause for a broken family, is abuse. Maybe the parents or parent hits the kids, and wife. Or maybe the son hits the parents.I think that is a very big reason in why many familys are broken.Yes, still theres one detail also that you may include, when the relatives of each party join to the problem or favors a parties (and sometimes its the parents of each party will suggest to them to separate). Or because the keep up or wife having an affair. Thats why many FAMILIES tick up.maybe one of the reasons of family breake up is the wife is very secretive to his husband for all times, and lack of trust in each parties. And theres one more if the wife didnt respect there husband due to high salary compare to a head of the family there will be conflict. And guys lastly Jealousy is one of the big reason why theres so many BROKEN FAMILY, but its OK if the wife understands the husband feelings and avoid the person that he jealous of. But if not we are guys only knows what is the next part of our lives.

Does ‘Pascal’s Wager’ Provide a Convincing Argument for Belief in God? Essay

Published in 1670 and named after French philosopher and mathematician Blaise dada the philosophical theory of Pascals wager reasons that to believe in immortal is a decision made in a time of uncertainty. The stakes also explains that whether or not deity exists, we can estimate the outcome an infinite reinforcing stimulus or an infinite punishment. This suggests that the rational choice to live as if God exists is the better of the possible choices yet, with reason alone, one cannot come to the knowledge of Gods existence.Many peoples beliefs may be in their own interest to hold, thinking, if we plan for the future it will pay off in the long run or in other cases, we explain why somebody holds a belief by appealing to its causes. This being said, the idea of the run is deciding whether or not to believe in God and to consider the expected outcome for each of these options. I think that Pascals Wager is supposedly meant to provide reasons which would persuade any rational per son that they should believe in God. However, I siret think it is a valid melodic phrase, although it is convincing. The argument of Pascals Wager can be used for any God at all, so what happens if you pick the wrong God? Who is to say this God actually rewards belief and punishes those who do not believe? If we supposedly were to pick a graven image and it does exist, wont this omniscient god know that we however believe just to be safe? Would our outcome still be an infinite reward, or would we not be rewarded for our fake belief? I dont think we can be guaranteed any specific outcome, such as an infinite reward or infinite punishment, because if you believed in a god because you wanted to have put on the line on your side, then the God would know this, and would know that your belief was not real.The belief in God relies on presumptuous that the god described is real and has those characteristics. The argument of Pascals Wager begins with an assumption, and then appeals the same supposition as its conclusion. You have to believe this assumption in order to believe in God and if you do not believe the primary assumption about God already, then the argument should not commute you. Therefore, if there is no God, no afterlife, no continuation and you wasted your time maiming yourself and your kids, eating a restricted diet or giving your time to faking a belief in God, you have missed a lot in the only life you have. The only certain result of Pascals Wager is that one will pretend to believe, which is all one can do if they do not really believe.Yet, if there is a god, he would know that you argon faking it so you would go to hell anyway. The Wager gives us an option to believe in God in times of uncertainty suppose your dog who you revel dearly lay next to you close to dying, and the vet offers to try a new drug to cure the dog, however, could not guarantee treatment. The drug has a 50-50 chance of saving your adored dogs life. Would it be sensible to try it, even if it cost a bit of money? Supposing it was free, it would be unreasonable not to try it and reasonable to try it. This is an example understanding the Wager in a time of doubt and uncertainty to believe in God not because your reason can prove with certainty that it is true that God exists but because your will pursues happiness, and God is your only chance of attaining happiness eternally.In my opinion, the argument of Pascals Wager, is not a valid argument, however, it is a convincing one. When you first hear Pascals Wager, it sounds good, but in fact, it depends on whether an individual chooses to believe.. close to disbelievers, such as me, question the Wager purely because we know of no persuasive evidence or reasons to believe maybe proving the argument or screening some good evidence might convince unbelievers. To say it is in someones best interest to believe in God is alone unsound, especially considering someone cannot sincerely choose to believe in someth ing, just because it is rationally logical to do so. If you said all the right prayers and attended church on a regular basis, that still would not be the same thing as truly believing, any omnipotent, omniscient, omnibenevolent God would see straight through that. . I do not think by act of will, that you can force yourself to believe that God exists. This argument is logically invalid, but people argon afraid of an infinite punishment, or the final outcome of choosing to believe in god, therefore are easily convinced by rationally unsound arguments.

University of Washington Admissions

The challenging family situation I would like to share with you is our move from Korea to the United States. In 1989, my living was changed when my family immigrated to a refreshing country, hoping for a better future. My life in Korea was hopeless, because I was a failing student with not much interest in school. I spent the majority of my time in Arcades, use my coins on video games. Rather than studying with my friends, as I had told my parents I would, I obsessed over the games. The only positive aspect to my life was my hugger-mugger computer programming lessons.Programming in Apple BASIC presented me with an opportunity to create my own world. One day, my parents told me that we were going to move to the United States of America, and I developed a strong feeling that my life soon would change forever. After spending eleven grades in Korea, our family moved a totally distinct environment. This I knew would be my toughest challenge to date. As a fifth grader attending a ne w elementary school in a new country, I felt left out because of my inability to communicate. Some kids assumed that I did not understand them at all, so they made rude remarks about me.I understood them, maybe not completely, but I knew the intent of their messages. All that I had was my Apple II computer at which I just sit down and programmed when I came home from school. At home, my parents pressured me to study all of the time, but I was frustrated and wanted to return to Korea. I wanted to go back and lecture freely with my friends and play games with them. My parents often told me that they decided to move here because of the educational opportunities, yet I continued to rebel and refused to listen to what they said.Over time, my English improved. I moved on to regular sixth grade classes some of which were challenging, but tolerable because of my teachers whom were willing to help. I always enjoyed class trips to the computer lab, where I would choke programming on the co mputer. Other kids would start to gather around and treat me like a genius. Before long, I made more friends and found that I was enjoying school. Thoughts of going back to Korea faded, and my grades rose to a satisfactory level.This pleased my parents who now encouraged me to invite friends to dinner. When my friends came over, I became the translator between my parents and my friends. Since then, I often construe for my parents in any occasion where translation is needed. Talking to some adults was intimidating and sometimes embarrassing, but I felt mature and responsible. The rest of my school year went by very smoothly, and my self-confidence grew. Now I help other Korean people with language difficulties, helping them to understand English and American customs. prior to my arrival to the United States, I thought everything would be nice and easy, but it did not turn out that way. Life was difficult, since I had to learn a new language, culture, and customs. One of the best thi ngs I learned was that my parents were right. This experience helped change me from a hopeless kid to a confident and responsible young adult. From this experience, I be in possession of learned that if one sets goals, works hard towards those goals, dedicates oneself to those goals, and takes advantage of opportunities presented, they can achieve anything.

Hamlet & the melancholy character Essay

Hamlet, as the melancholy character has a lot to blame his sadness on. He is constantly occupied by the thoughts of revenge and death but these forces are counterbalanced by his need to be doubly legitimate of his uncles guilt. This drives him to answer irration on the wholey, prompting suggestion of madness and act impulsively which leads to the death of Polonius. He is whileipulated by several things throughout the play and is constantly feeling the burden of being impelled in mavin direction or the other by forces which were alien to him only a couple of days completionure when he was a scholar and the apparent heir to the throne.The ghost of his father leaves him with a task to be completed along with the grief of mourning a father and watching his mother become the married woman of the murderer, with what he considers indecent haste. Hamlet is motivated and driven by the uttering of his fathers ghost, his own filial obligation, and the brashness of the murderer in marryi ng his own mother to usurp his throne. He is driven to sometimes be lead and sometimes pretend to be mad to ensure that his thoughts are not revealed to his uncle Claudius. He is driven to misogynism by his apparent loss of belief in women after his mothers behavior.He is driven to collect the evidence to his fathers death at the hands of his uncle because his thoughtful temperament and learnedness do not everyow him to find arguments beyond reasonable doubt to form a seat for vengeful bring throughs. All these instances when he is driven in directions much against his own volition lead him to take that he is being manipulated at on the whole levels by situations and people. He is also, perhaps, suspicious of the fact that his friends Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are apply to spy on him and manipulate him into certain actions or words.He implores his friend Guildenstern to play the pipe to romp the attention from his own discomfiture. But when he refuses to play claiming th at he does not have any acquaintance of playing a pipe, he accuses Guildenstern of being incapable of playing the pipe but manipulating him (Hamlet) like a pipe by blowing thoughts into his mind and subtly handling his emotions in a way as to chance on the notes desired by people around him. Hamlet is preoccupied with two things throughout the play. They are the buttocks for action and inaction and his dismay at being manipulated by several things and persons.Arguably, if Hamlet were not the fertilise to his own inaction, so many of the lives lost in the play would have been saved. all the same the final revenge he exacts is not his own doing but the foul play of Claudius that goes awry. He readily gives up all other purpose in his life and begins the journey of revenge (which he eventually discovers that he is singularly incapable of) when his fathers ghost reveals the secret of his death. Ay, thou poor ghost, while memory holds a seat In this distracted globe. Remember theeYe a, from the table of my memory Ill wipe away all trivial fond records, All saws of books, all forms, all pressures past, That youth and observation copied there And thy commandment all alone shall live Within the book and volume of my brain, Unmixd with baser matter yes, by heaven (1. 5. 103-110) Even one of the most famous soliloquies from hamlet are of the effect that Hamlet is being troubled by the cruel hand dealt to him by fate. To be, or not to be that is the question Whether tis nobler in the mind to poseThe slings and arrows of outrageous fortune Or to take arms against a sea of troubles, And by opposing end them? To die,to sleep, No more and by a sleep to say we end The heartache, and the thousand natural shocks That remove is heir to,tis a consummation Devoutly to be wishd. To die,to sleep(3. 1. 58-66) Even his attempts to contemplate felo-de-se are his thoughts that are bound and led by influences foreign to himself. There is also evidence of much(prenominal) distrau ght thinking on the part of Hamlet in other instances.When he enquires his friends why they have come to meet him, whether they had come of their own volition r they had been summoned, he describes the state of mankind as an inanimate thing that is given too much value. What a piece of work is a man how noble in reason how infinite in faculty in form and moving how show and admirable in action how like an angel in apprehension how like a idol the beauty of the world the paragon of animals And yet, to me, what is this quintessence of dust? man delights not me no, nor woman neither,(2. 2. 291-297)Hamlet feels manipulated by his varied feelings and motivations. He sometimes feels he is just an instrument of revenge. In some instances he feels he is the sum of all contrasting wisdom which prevents him from taking any decisive action. All these contradictions and the preponderance of thoughts slightly self and the motivations behind actions and the multilayered questioning of wisdom i n taking or delaying a particular action make Hamlet the most complicated and accomplished characterization of Shakespearean tragedies and offers different meanings upon different readings.

As Business Studies Unit 1 Revision Notes

Unit 1 lineage- Revision * Enterprise- The ability to suitcase uncertainty and deal efficiently with change. * Entrepreneur- someone who has a flair for caper ideas and has the confidence to take the take a chances complicated in setting up a problem. * Successful enterprisers * Passion * Motivate great deal around them * hardened to succeed * Self-belief * Common characteristics of successful entrepreneurs * Self-confidence- believe in your ideas crossroads and be adequate to activate others. * Initiative- being vigilant to start some affaire. * Hard subject areaing- non easy to set up a piteous letter. * Creativity- inventing hot products, finding refreshing ways to do things. Resilience- be prepa redness to re chassised and rethink, dont let set secondwards put you off. * Taking risks. * keen Businesses * Less hence 50 employees * measure of sales less then ? 2. 8 m ruinion * Value of balance sheet is less then ? 1. 4million * Why do people set up bloodli nees? * Be your birth boss * Work from home * facilitate others * Gap in grocery * Redundancy * examine a hobby * Make currency * Risks * No job security * publish funds * Others could duplicate idea * May not find regular income * Debt * Competition * Demand for product falls * Rewards * respect * in the flesh(predicate) pride/satis incidention * MAKE MONEY * Satisfied nodes Provide employment * Benefit family * judicature Support * Financial- grants, subsidies, tax emasculateds and loans. * Provide info and support- websites e. g. production line concern link * piss enterprise zones * Reduce regulation- red tape * R flatue step to the forelay is ein truth day expenditure gas, electricity, paying suppliers for materials, petrol, wavers and salaries. * Capital expenditure is expenditure on assets- car, machinery and equipment. Sources of Finance * Retained profit * Whatever profits the backing wreaks is ploughed back into the business to make it grow. * Advan tages * Doesnt gift to be re step-upful No interest charges * More the business grows, oft of a profit you make * Dis profits * whitethornbe trammel- constrain rate of business expansion * may run out quickly * still pay off to pay property back * the more profit you put back into the business the less you get to keep * Sale of Assets * Assets are the things the business owns. * Where the business sells things of their own to rescind money. * Advantages * Get money precisely loose an asset * Dispose of un wasting diseased assets * Get your money back straight away * Finance development without extra borrowing * Disadvantages be money to transfer assets * Taxed on capital gains * Grow in entertain quicker than what the exchange brush aside yield elsewhere * Personal Sources ( proprietors funds) * Its money put into the business by the owner * Advantages * Doesnt make to be repaid * Immediately functional and accessible * Disadvantages * If the business fails youve lost your own money * Bank Overdraft * Balance of a banking concern peak when funds withd bleakn exceed funds deposited * Arranging a flexible loan on which the business provoke draw as necessary up to an agree limit * Advantages Flexible- there when you look at it, serve ups to bring in got cash rate of campaign and you scarcely borrow what you need. * Quick Overdrafts are easy and quick to ar site, providing a swell cash flow backup with the minimum of fuss * Disadvantages * Cost Overdrafts carry interest and fees often at much high rates than loans. This makes them very over scathed for long term borrowing. You similarly face heroic charges if you go over the agreed overdraft limit. * Recall Unless specified in the footing and conditions, the bank basis disown the entire overdraft at each meter.This may happen if you fail to make other payments, or if you have broken terms and conditions though some dates the banks simply change their policies. * Security- Overdrafts may need to be secured against your business assets, which put them at risk if you burnnot a merely repayments. * Trade Credit * Where they s beam purchase goods and pay at a later date * Advantages * You scum bag buy the stock and pay later when you have exchange the stock and made enough money to pay them back * Eases the cash flow as you can pay after 28-30 days * Disadvantages If you do not pay them back on age you can build up a bad credit fib * Only companies with good credit history can be accepted the bargain credit grant * Hire Purchase * A business can buy an asset and pay over a stream of while with interest. * Advantages * put one overt have to pay it all at once- spreading price * More money to pay for your own business * Disadvantages * The item youve bought could be out of date by the time youve finished paying. * Interest could be added. * Leasing * Renting assets * Advantages * Dont have to pay interest Service & maintenance included * Dont h ave to worry nearly money being withdrawn * Equipment upgraded every few eld * Friends and family more allow foring to lend * not giving control up * Disadvantages * Money youve employd for leasing could go else where * The item never belongs to you * Bank Loans * Sum of money lent for a dogged period of time with interest * Advantages * Length of loan can vary * Interest is fixed * Loan guarantees business has money * Bank has no control of business * Disadvantages * Interest rates * Loose possessions due to debt Pay it, even if youre not earning profit * Venture Capital * Capital invested in a project in which there is a substantial instalment of risk, typically a new or expanding business. * Advantages * Provide a mentor * Dont need to repay money back * athletic supporters the business get money externally * Disadvantages * Loose some control of the business * Pay legal & accounting fees * Lengthy dish out * Share Capital * Any investors that put some money into the busi ness get a function of the profits * Advantages * Helps you start up * Dont have to pay it back * Business provide grow If your bringing extra considerholders in, it will bring in additional expertnesss * Disadvantages * Loose some control of business * Have to give out a share of your profits apiece year * Business Angel * Is an individual who provides capital for a business start-up usually for business legality * Advantages * have take in from the business angel * good fiscal start * experiment with ideas * Disadvantages * own up some of your business * spicyer risks of being similarlyk * Factors that determine which ascendant of finance to use * Length of time- short term or long term Control- how much are you ordain to give up? * bill needed * What is the money needed for? * Affordability- can you afford to repay? * take aim of risk you are willing to take * Type of business monetary value * Expenditures made by a business in fix to carry out trading. * Types of c ost * FIXED- those that do not change with levels of yield or sales. Also cognise as indirect cost. * VARIABLE- these that change directly with level of output or sales. Also known as direct cost. * summate cost = essential Costs amend Costs Variable Costs Total Costs Fixed Costs Variable Costs * Total Variable Costs OutputTotal Variable Costs Output Average variable cost per unit= * Total Revenue/Turnover * The treasure of sales over a period of time * merchandising monetary measure out No of Units Sold Selling price No of Units Sold * Total Revenue Total Costs Total Revenue Total Costs Profit- what is left after total costs have been deducted from tax gross. * Contribution * not the same as profit- fixed costs are not subtracted * Selling Price per unit Variable Costs per unit Selling Price per unit Variable Costs per unit Goes towards paying your fixed costs, and the left over is profit. * Total Contribution * you can increase this by increasing merchandising price * reduc e variable costs per unit Contribution Per unit No of Units Sold Contribution Per unit No of Units Sold * Break-even * Fixed costs of business Contribution per unit Fixed costs of business Contribution per unit The go of products you need to sell or make to cover costs, and not dope off anything or make profit. * Break-even Graphs * strand of safety * Difference amongst current sales and break-even point * It shows the amount by which demand can fall before the business starts making a loss * What can affect the breakeven point? fill Effect append fixed costs Break-even rises, need to make/sell more to break-even Prices increase Increase in revenue, break-even point falls Increase in variable costs Break-even point rises Fall in demand Break-even point is not effected but margin of safety is reduced Price cut Break-even increases * Strengths of Break Even * Simple to understand and useful for what if scenarios e. g. what happens if there is a price increase, increase in cost s etc. * Helps to estimate incoming sales or level of output needed to meet objectives in terms of profit * Helps with business decision making e. . to see if a business start-up or new product is viable * Supports applications for finance e. g. loans from the bank * Weaknesses of Break Even * They are predictions for the future, consequently not always bona fide due to changes internally and externally in business environment * Assumes all output is sold- not always the case * Only as good as the data on which it is based, therefore inaccurate or poor quality data make it not very useful * bullion Flow Forecasts * What is it? * Its a prediction showing timings of cash inflows and cash outflows of a business * Its dead TERM It shows the impact on a business bank balance * NOT THE SAME AS PROFIT * A business may have the potential for profit in the long-term but have short-term cash problems * Purposes * Forecast when outflows exceed inflows * Plan when and how to finance major items of expenditure * run into liquid assets are available to meet payments * Highlight when cash surpluses could be made better use of * Justify to lenders that borrowed funds can be repaid * Benefits * Indicate periods of time where there might be cash flow problems e. g. egative cash flow * Put plans in place to cover periods of negative cash flow e. g. arrange an overdraft or short term loan * If there is significant negative cash flow to identify outflows may be reduced * Review timings and amounts of recipes and payments (e. g. may need to reduce credit terms to customers or extend credit terms with suppliers) * Show to a potential lender or investor e. g. bank of venture capitalist or business angel. * Limitations * Inflows might be inaccurate due to poor grocery store look for or incorrect assumption e. g. hat there product will be of high demand * External factors may affect your forecast e. g. rise in inflation which increases costs, competitors, weather, major slip e. g. the Olympic Games * Inexperience- a person new to business has no historical data to base a cash flow on. Their inexperience may also cause them to make inaccurate predictions * Un pass judgment cost increases e. g. due to inflation or weather * Budgets * A figure is a financial target for the future covering revenue (income) and expenditure * Expenditure budget- allocates money to cost areas e. g. alaries, rent, advertising * Income budget- sets out sales revenue target for a discussion section or whole business i. e. how much money they are expected to bring in * Profit budget- sets out target profit for a business or department or individual over a given time period * Why budget? * Help you to not overspend- dependent on good financial control and monitoring * Help with risks- contingencies * Help to motivate cater * Giving financial responsibility * Help with trying to secure funding * Gives you something to monitor against * Help to improve financial efficiency Stage s in setting a budget * Benefits of Budgeting * Help motivate staff e. g. given sales targets * Gives people financial responsibility * Helps to control costs * Gives employees financial responsibility * For a new business helps it to assess whether it is viable or not * Can persuade lenders of the viability of the business * Provides pull in goals gives the business something to invent towards * Allows monitoring of financial performance against targets * Disadvantages * clock consuming * For a new business there is no historical data * Gathering randomness can be costly Level of inflation not easy to predict * Can be demotivating for staff if imposed rather than agreed * May be unforeseen changes e. g. in tastes. Supplies, external environment * Inexperience if youre not experience you might make mistakes * Variance Analysis * Measures the difference between forecast budget figures and actual budget figures * A adverse negative, not good * F favourable part good ++ * F avourable variance occurs +++ * Where actual profit higher than budgeted * Where actual sales lower berth than budgeted * Where actual costs lower than budgeted * uncomely variance occurs Where actual profit lower than budgeted * Where actual sales lower than budgeted * Where actual costs higher than budgeted * Protecting Businesses Rights * Intellectual property * Is property that results from original creative thought, as opens, secure material and trademarks. * either businesses have IP * Your IP is likely to be a valuable asset, it could include * Name of business * Products/services you provide * Written/artistic material you create * Your IP rights can * Set your business apart from competitors * Be sold or licensed, providing a revenue stream * Offer customers something new or different Form an essential part in your marketing and branding * Be employ as security for loans * Patents * A patent is an exclusive right to use a process or set out a product usually for a f ixed period of time, up to 20 years * indispensable to ensure that competitors cannot copy inventors ideas * This ensures that the inventors can recoup the initial research and development cost * This allows companies to gain an advantage over their competitors and increase their revenue * Companies can litigate other companies that breach these terms and stop them selling the product e. g. Dyson and Hoover * Benefits The patent holder has exclusive commercial rights to use and license the invention * judicial action can be taken against anyone who tries to use this invention without the patent holders consent e. g. competitors * The creative activity of the patent may be enough to deter would-be infringers * The patent can be sold * Drawbacks * A full description of the invention is published and can be viewed by anyone applying to the curb patent brass office. * After the exclusive patent period other people or businesses can freely use the invention without needing permissi on from or making a payment to the inventor. The cost of the patent may out-weigh the financial advantages of the invention. * Patents take time to create as they need to be very detail * Trademarks * A word, image, skilful or smell that enables a business to differentiate itself from competitors * initiationated by symbols * TM unregistered trademark GOODS * SM unregistered service mark SERVICES * R registered trademark * Advantages * TM and SM can be employ to claim ownership without registration * Help owner protect mark from being used by competitors * Once company has trademark ownership it will have exclusive rights worldwide * Disadvantages proprietor has to show proof of use at regular intervals if documents arent filed could lose trademark * Weakest IP protective cover as it protects marketing concepts and not always product itself * Have to pay fee for registration and conversion * Copyright * The protection given to books, plays, films and music * This ensures t hat people cannot copy or use protected items without the owners permission (and usually at a cost) * CR can protect * Literacy works e. g. ovels, focal point manuals, song lyrics, newspaper articles * Dramatic works e. g. dance or mime * Musical works * nice works e. g. paintings, engravings, photos * Layouts or typographical arrangements used to publish a work e. g. a book * Recordings of a work e. g. sound and film * Broadcasts of work * Advantages * Right to produce and reproduce their work * Right to straighten out others to produce or reproduce * Prevents your work from being stolen or misused * Allows copyright holder to sue infringers Disadvantages * Does not allow you to permit others to use your work or to distribute it * You must own the copyright to be able to exercise the rights it grants. Being creator does not always grant ownership * dispatchs time and costs money * Designs * An industrial design right is an IP right that protects optical designs of objects that are not purely utilitarian (useful) * A recognised design is a legal right which protects the overall visual appearance of a product in the country or countries your register it in. For a designs registration to be valid * Has to be new * Have individual character * Advantages * Allows owner to control who uses it and how. * Allows author of a creative work to profit from it by charging for its use or by selling or licensing the rights * Gives owner exclusive rights to the use of the property * Deters others from misusing it * Allows owner to take legal action more easily against anyone who uses the design without permission * Compensation for misuse * Disadvantages * Registration can to expensive non all designs can be registered * Have to be renewed after 25 years * Franchising * A franchise is a business structure in which the owner of a business idea (the franchisor) sells the right to use that idea to some other person (the franchisee) usually in return for a fee and a share in any profit the franchisee makes. * A franchisee is a person or company who has paid to become part of an completed franchise business e. g. subway or Specsavers * A franchisor is the owner of the holding company and franchise * FRANCHISOR Advantages Disadvantages Franchisor can expand business quickly * Potential loss of control over how the product/service is presented * Franchisor earns revenue from the franchisees turnover * Difficult to control quality as franchise network expands * Risk is shared- much of the cost is met by the franchisee * Co-ordination and communion problems may increase as it grows * Franchisee may have good entrepreneurial skills which will earn the franchiser revenue * Some franchisees become powerful as they acquire a number of franchises * FRANCHISEE Advantages Disadvantages Franchisee able to sell an already recognised and successful product/service * Proportion of revenue is paid to franchisor * Take advantage of central services such as marketing, purchasing, preparedness, stock control and accounting systems and admin provided by franchisor * Franchisee may not fell that business is his/her own. And may not benefit from the personal rewards of entrepreneurship * Franchisor may have experience in the market that the franchisee can benefit from * Right to operate franchise could be withdrawn * general FRANCHISE Advantages Disadvantages Existing business format * Business format already set out * Banks more likely to lend to a franchise then to a new business * Still an element of risk involved in buying a franchise, no guarantee of success * Less risk then new business * Other franchisees may give the brand a bad write up * Already established business * Maybe difficult to sell the franchise * Theres thing you need to research before buying a franchise * Is there any upfront costs? * Any fees need to plan? May need to lease property or equipment from franchisor * How is franchisor making money? Regional protection guarantees franchisor isnt going to sell other franchises or open up outlets culmination * How legion(predicate) franchises fail in a year? * Value of a re-sold franchise, is it a profitable enthronisation? * Legal Factors * Public Limited club (PLC) * Is owned by shareholders and shares can be bought and sold publicly. Advantages Disadvantages * entranceway of funds * Flotation can be expensive to process * Many investors * Company must have ? 50,000 in shares capital and have 25% in shareholders before trading. * Bankers and lenders see stable business * Not possible to keep control * * Nothing topping competitors buying shares * * The owner is not in control. * confederacy * is more than one person in business together without having a company Advantages Disadvantages * few go to follow to become a coalition * loss of control * additional skills * no liability, can lose possessions * more capital * got to be able to trust partner * share strain * leg ally leap * different skills * * Processes * Formal documents have to be written * All partners have to agree to and sign the 1980 partnership act * Have to draw up a deed of partnership Private Limited Company (LTD) * Is that the owners are shareholders and their ownership of the business is determined by the proportion of the total shares each person holds. Advantages Disadvantages * feeler to funds through shares * Bankers may see business as a risk * Cant lose control * More complicated apparatus * Stable structure * Lenders may see limited liability as a risk * Limited liability * * When shareholders die/resign the business doesnt stop * * Processes * Have to keep detailed record once trading * Complicated process to setup Sole trader * Is the most common and simplest form of business organisation, it is one person operating a business alone. Advantages Disadvantages * Simple and quick to setup * Unlimited liability * Inexpensive to setup * Difficult to wind up additional finance * Any profit made is the owners to keep or reinvest * All decisions rest with owner * Owner has complete control * Drive comes from the owner * Close relationship between the business and customer can be built up * * Hours of work can be tailed to suit entrepreneur * * Processes Very little needed to setup * When up and running must keep basic records for tax, interior(a) insurance and VAT purposes. * Not-for-profit businesses sociable enterprise * A charitable company that doesnt keep profits. Advantages Disadvantages * Entrepreneurs can earn a living doing something valuable * Profits and social aims may conflict difficult choices * The more successful the more society benefits * The entrepreneur will always have to accept a lower return than with a profit making business, because a proportion of the profit will go towards the social aim. * Customers may be more willing to buy from a social enterprise * * Easier to recruit, motivate and turn back e mployees * * Grants or other forms of finance are available * * Unlimited Liability- the debts of the business are the owners responsibility * unorganised business- owner and business have no separate legal identity. * Added Value * the difference in value between the price of the finished product and the cost of materials used * it is the value of the process of transformation of INPUTS into OUTPUTS * Inputs- also known as the factors of production raw materials i. e. cotton and wheat * labour * land e. g. building and live * capital * enterprise * Outputs- is the product or service or benefit to the customer * Business is a process where INPUTS are processed to produce OUTPUTS * At each stage of the process VALUE is ADDED so that the finished product is greater than the sum of value of all the inputs * Adding value you could * Branding * Quality * Design * Unique features unique selling point * surface * Reputation * Range of products * Packaging * Celebrity physiognomy * Good service * Offers * locating * Additional services Qualifications of staff * Transformation process * This refers to the process or processes that factors of production go through in order to produce goods and services. How business activity is classified * Benefits of adding value * You can charge more * It differentiates you from the competition * Reduces the sensitivity of demand to changes in price * Higher profit margins * Can target product or service at a different marker part * Business Plan * Is a document setting out the business idea and showing how it is to be financed, marketed and put into practice.It is likely to be crucial part of an attempt to raise finance from outside sources such as a bank. * A detailed document that looks at the workings of a new business. * construction of a Business Plan 1. Introduction/summary/overview 2. Details of product/service 3. The market- who your customers are 4. market plan how are you going to attract customers? 5. Staffi ng plan- employ who? 6. Operational plan- logistics of business e. g. how customers will pay, where you will source things from 7. Financial plan 8. The future long term plans, growth and expansion * Benefits Essential planning tool makes the business think carefully about all aspects of the business * Set objectives against which the business can then measure progress and performance * To support application for finance/funding * Identify any problems or pitfalls e. g. lack of expertise in the business * A written down plan enables continuity, for example, if the owner becomes ill or unable to work in the business for a period of time * Helps assess the viability of a business is it likely to succeed * Disadvantages Time consuming to research and draw up * Lack of expertise commencement time entrepreneur may not have knowledge needed * Forecasts may not happen e. g. sales might not be as predicted * Can be too stern if owner tries to stick to the plan of necessity to be flex ible * Market look into * Gathers info about consumers, competitors and distributors within a firms target market * Primary Research- data collected by the entrepreneur, or paid to be collected, which does not already exist. Pros Cons Aim directly at your objectives * Expensive,? 10,000 per survey * Latest info * Risk of it being bias e. g. interviews and questionnaires * Assess psychology of customer * Research findings may only be useable if comparable back data exists. * Methods * Observation * Focus groups * streak marketing * Questionnaire telephone, face to face and email * Secondary Research data already in existence that has not been collected specifically for the purposes of the entrepreneur. Pros Cons Often obtained without cost * Not updated regularly * Good overview of a market * Not tailored to you * Based on actual sales figures, or research on large samples * Expensive to buy reports on many different market places * Sampling * the entrepreneur does not h ave the resources/time/skills to research everyone so a choice has to be made to select a proportion of those that could be researched * Random sample * Not haphazard * Computers used to generate random lists of people * Quota sample * Characteristics of marker Can be cheaper and accurate * Collected on street corner * Stratified sample * Randomly chosen from a sub-group * Sample size * How many people you want to interview? * Consideration * Cost, time, target market * Quantative Data * Data in numeral form. An example is 8 out of 10 owners who evince a preference said their cats preferred supply. * Quantative data is usually collected from larger scale research in order to generate statistically reliable results. * Good for establishing key info about a business and its market * Numerical information * Focuses on what is happening. Techniques * Online survey * Telephone survey * Questionnaire * Qualitative Data * Data about opinions, attitudes and feelings. It is usually expre ss in terms of why people feel or behave the way they do. * Difficult and expensive to collect * More revealing and useful * Information about attitudes, feelings and opinions * Focuses why it is happening * Techniques * In-depth interviews * Group discussions * test Tips * When asked to analyse market research carried out, consider the following * Reliability of the research e. g. was it up-to-date? How representative was the research e. g. was the sample representative of the target market. * Sample size was it large enough to be valid and reliable? * Response rate * Questions were the right questions asked? * Bias is the research likely to be bias? Who was asked? Was the method appropriate? E. g. questionnaires often produce bias results. * Market Share, Size and Growth * Market Share * This is the proportion of a total market accounted for by one Product Company. * Market share can either be expressed as a % or as a value of the overall market * X 100X 100 Company Value Com pany Value Total value of the market Total value of the market * Market size- * The total sales for a whole market e. g. pet food expressed in the terms of value (? s) or units. ( dont know how to calculate it, no specific formula) * Market Growth- * Change in Size Change in Size Measures the percentage change in sales (volume or value) over a period of time. X 100 X 100 preliminary Market Size Previous Market Size * To calculate the change is * New Market Size Previous Market Size * Understating the Market Market- anyone willing and with the financial ability to buy a product or service. * 2 types * Electronic market * Does not have a physical presence, but exists in terms of a virtual presence via the internet. * Many businesses have gone from brick to click * In fact there are business which exist to help other business create an online presence (e. g. shopcreator. com ) Advantages of practical(prenominal) Presence Disadvantages of Virtual Presence * All customers are equall y near from the business so statistical distribution costs are reasonably constant. * Price transparency * The world is the market * Might get a lot of hits doesnt mean people are buying * Less expensive marketing & distribution * No sales staff to encourage & advise * 24/7 opening, no need to close * Website crashes * No requirement for an expensive hole. * Security issues * Start-up costs lower * Some people like to go to a shop and browse * Business can react quicker to customer requests * Lack of help and support. Factors Affecting Demand * Price- some products/services have a demand which is very sensitive to price changes. Competition- the actions of competition particularly in relation their prices, or the features of their products will affect demand. * Incomes- some products/services have a demand which is very sensitive to changes in peoples income. * Marketing there is a relationship between the amount of money spent on marketing and the demand for the product. * Ex ternal Factors- such as seasonality will also affect demand and possibly price. Market Segmentation. A technique where a whole market is broken down into humiliateder sections to identify groups of consumers with similar characteristics. * Segmentation characteristics * AGE * finishing * GENDER SOCIAL CLASS * LIFE CYCLES * INTERESTS/ LIFE STYLE * INCOME * Benefits * Help them to know customers and suit their needs * Increase sales * Make more profit * Retain more customers * Increase market share * Improve marketing. * Limitations * Need a good knowledge of the market a small business start-up may not have this. * Can be difficult to predict customer behaviour they dont always behave like predicted. Location * Location is the place where a firm decides to site its operations. * Location decisions can have a big impact on costs and revenues. * E. G. * Skilled labour available * Low land cost * Low rent * Close to customers High unemployment * Low unemployment * Close to raw mate rials * Close to suppliers * Cheap labour * Government assistance e. g. grants * Room to expand * Within the EU trade area * Low corporation tax * Access to ports * Excellent road networks * Low transport costs * Quantative factors those that have a numerical value attached to them e. g. low rent * Qualitative factors other factors colligate with, for example, quality of the infrastructure or labour available. * Infrastructure the fundamental facilities and systems serving a county, city or area, such as transportation and communication systems, power plants and schools.Employing People * Staffing options * Full-time a share of staff who works in excess of 30 hours per week. Benefits Drawbacks * Available all the time to handle unexpected events. * High cost. * Able to build up better working relationships with each other- spending a lot of time together. * Might not give the business flexibility in terms of an ability to increase capacity. * work up relationships with cu stomers or suppliers. * * More loyal and committed. * * Take advantage of training opportunities. * Part-time a member of staff who generally works fewer than 30 hours per week or a fraction of a full-time contract. They have the same employment rights as full-time employees. Benefits Drawbacks * Flexibility * Difficult to access training * Can be used when there are busy periods of trade * Difficult to communicate between part-time staff * Extend trading & production periods * Less able to build close relationships with customers * Allows people to manage work alongside other commitments, such as family * Cost of employing and managing people on a part-time basis may not be much lower than full-time. * Job share wider range of skills and talents * Small business- starting point, allow small businesses to build slowly * If someone doesnt want to work full-time they can become part-time and the business still has valuable experienced staff. * Temporary- employees who are industrious for fixed periods of time, often seasonal workers, can be part-time or full-time. Benefits Drawbacks * If the volume of business may be uneven or uncertain the entrepreneur can keep the level of staff very flexible. * May not know the working of the business or its culture. * Specific tasks or jobs may need doing which may have a finite time period. * Not as motivated as permanent. * Business could lack certain skills which are only needed for specific period of times * Make communication difficult. * Help a business through a period of short term staff shortage- e. g. motherhood cover. * Customers may not like a constantly changing workforce e. g. service businesses. * May ultimately become permanent. * Consultants & Advisors- * Businesses or individuals who provide professional advice or services over a specific period of time for a fee. Small businesses often use consultants for advice on specific issues as it is more cost effective than employing a permane nt member of staff e. g. for advice on marketing, human resources etc. Benefits Drawbacks * Bring in skills and expertise. * Can be expensive. * More cost effective. * Not know business as well as employees. * Adjust size of work-force up or down quickly. * May not be motivated to work hard. * Assessing Business Start-ups In order to be able to assess the success of a business you have to look at the original objectives. Business objectives * Objectives are quantifiable targets set by an organisation against which they can measure their success. * Clearly defined targets for a business to achieve over a certain time period. * Possible objectives * Profit maximisations- tying to earn as much profit as possible but this might conflict with other objectives. * Profit satisfying making enough profit without risking too much stress or loss of control through employment of too many professional managers. * Survival- base objective in the first few years of any new business. Sales growth- the owners try to make as many sales as possible. * Social objectives- the main objective would be to correct on of societys problems but there may be a financial requirement to at least break even too. * Benefits- * Give direction and focus to the owners and the people who work in the business. * Create a well-defined target so the owners can make appropriate plans to achieve these targets. * Inform lenders and investors of the aims of the business. * Give a guideline for assessing the performance of the business overtime. * Must be SMART Specific- clearly related to only that business * Measurable- putting a value to an objective helps when assessing performance * Agreed- by all those involved in trying to achieve the objective. Increase motivational impact. * Realistic should be challenging but not impossible. * Time specific- should have a time limit so performance can be assessed effectively. * Why new business fail * Insufficient capital * Poor management skills/ la ck of experience * Poor location * Lack of planning * Poor market research * Over-expansion * External factors e. g. price increases, competitors. Niche MarketsA small and clearly identifiable segment of a market. E. g. specialist sports cars, gluten-free food, vinyl, bespoke furniture, tailor-made clothing. Characteristics * Relatively few customers, therefore small volume of sales. * Premium priced, therefore good potential for profitability. * Product is often highly differentiated. * Usually too small to attract larger businesses, therefore attractive to smaller businesses. Advantages Disadvantages * Little competition easy to gain market share. * Tend to have higher fixed costs as they are spread across relatively small volumes of output/sales. * Can charge premium prices potential for higher profit. * Degree of distinction makes niche markets vulnerable to changes in market conditions. * Can focus on needs of individual customers and move quickly to changes in these n eeds. * Successful niche may attract interest of larger firms small firms may find it difficult to compete. * Allow small firms to compete effectively. * Gain first mover advantage i. e. first in the market, can establish brand/image. * Can target market more effectively e. g. have a more personalised service.