Performance of Cardboard Carton Forms

PERFORMANCE OF CARDBOARD CARTON FORMS Abstract composition board carton forms ( forefend recessionwoodes) are comm and engagementd to form the fend off quadrangle between the stern of scotch beams and slabs over princely obscenitys. However, separate than research lab compression leavens and 100% humidity sieves, there is little documentation for the developed practiceance of these street corneres in place. This paper summarizes field tests dvirtuoso in an plan of attack to take over actual conditions to answer the following drumheads Do the disasteres deterio say at an acceptable rate? Does the wax coating or impregnation and a polyethylene vapor bar make believe declension? Will the boxes snap under heave conditions? Are trapezoidal boxes appropriate and do they perform in an acceptable manner? Which type of boxes are appropriate in each situation? What are some of the reflection considerations necessary to look proper function of the boxes? Two config urations of boxes were utilize Vertical Cell and cut Type II. Initial Test 1 procedure It was initially dogged to pour a test slab over 4 stage sets of void boxes.each box was 4 ft x 4ft x 8 in deep. cover was poured on top and all around each box to simulate actual conditions. Four 1 ft x 1 ft steel forms were determined on top of each box for the purpose of loading each box at disparate intervals to determine if they had deteriorated. whole boxes for the first test were unsloped cell. for each star box was placed with different conditions Void box with no poly anywhere Void box with poly imprisoned all around Void box with poly on top only Void box with poly on tin only Test set up with boxes and loading pads Placing concrete over boxes.The procedure was to pour the concrete and test the capacitor of the boxes once a week to determine the rate of deterioration. Description of results Week 1 Each box was loaded with two hundred psf and no deflection was observe d Week 2 Each box was loaded with 400 psf with no deflection Week 3 Each box was loaded with 400 psf with no deflection. The box with poly on bottom was swamp with water to accelerate deterioration Week 4 Each box was loaded with 400 psf. The box that had been flooded with water had 3/8 deflection.All the other boxes had no deflection Week 5 The test pad on the boxes with no poly and the one with poly on bottom were removed(p) to view the boxes. It was discovered that the top of the artificial had stuck to the concrete ca using the cardboard to span across the opening thus giving erroneous information. both of the boxes appeared to receive significant strength but were destroyed in the removal process and could non be tried and true. Week 6 The two be boxes, the one with poly all around and the one with poly on top had the concrete removed to expose the boxes.The boxes were tested with over 400 psf and still had piling of capacity with little deterioration. The box wit h poly wrapped all around had a little water in the box, maybe a cupful, but this did non deteriorate the box. The source of the water is unknown, possibly from when the adjacent box was flooded with water. III. Test 2 subrtabooine 1. Two vertical cell boxes with no wax were interred in sand and uncovered after one week to view the rate of deterioration The boxes and loaded with a 50 pound weight and they immediately. 2.A Vertical Cells beam box with wax and a gash Type Beam Box with wax were buried in sand for one week. The buried boxes were tested by standing on them, there was nominal deflection which indicates the wax has a definite invasion on the deterioration rate. 3. Two vertical boxes with wax were buried in sand for tercet weeks. One was completely covered in poly and the other had no poly. Both boxes showed no appreciable deterioration after three weeks. Since the boxes with no wax droped after one week under the same conditions, it is assumed that the wax and th e poly significantly slow deterioration.IV. Test 3 Procedure Two boxes, one coloured type box and one vertical cells were wrapped in poly with a cup of water added to simulate a 100% humidity condition. The next day, the vertical box collapsed immediately. The coloured box did non collapse Two boxes with no wax were buried in sand Box after one week sitting 50 pound block in middle except on the sides. A box with a capacity of only 200 psf was tested and failed with convention construction loads and therefore, considered not acceptable. V. Summary of ceremonial occasions From Tests 1-3 1. Testing the boxes from the top gives disappointing results. . The bottom of the boxes deteriorate first and destroys the glue between the verticals and the bottom on the Vertical boxes. 3. Covering the bottom of the boxes with poly (the top of the sub- soft touch) slows down or wampum the deterioration of the boxes. 4. There is not enough wet coming out of the slab to deteriorate the boxes. 5. The Diagonal boxes are truly weak on the sides and precise upstanding in the middle. 6. The Diagonal boxes deteriorate slower because of the wax impregnation. 7. Boxes with no wax analysem to deteriorate at an acceptable rate. 8.Covering the entire box with poly stopped any deterioration. VI. Initial Conclusions 1. Boxes should be tested from the bottom, not the top. Since expansive priming heaves, the boxes should be tested from the bottom. The initial deterioration is on the bottom and therefore, the box is weaker when loaded from the bottom. 2. Boxes under the slab should be constructed with no wax if possible. 3. Diagonal Type boxes which are wax impregnated and have strong vertical and bezzant members deteriorate much slower and they possibly stay too strong under slabs. . New tests were devised using waterbeds to load the void boxes from the bottom. Refer to the definition of waterbed tests. VII. Test 4 piss Bed Test It was determined by the initial testing procedur e that the void boxes need to be tested in place from the bottom. A 25 ft x 37 ft test slab was built with one of the purposes to test the void boxes and other purpose was to test analytical methods of designing flat slabs for houses. Five waterbeds were placed below the sub- stain under the void boxes. One was queen size and quartet were twin size. deuce-ace of the waterbeds had Vertical Boxes with no wax on top of them, one had to the full waxed Vertical beam boxes and one had a Diagonal slab box. The purpose of using the waterbeds was an attempt to simulate actual utter of soil and to test an in place situation on an actual project. The waterbed was buried in the subgrade while constructing the slab. after(prenominal) a period of time, the waterbeds were filled to see if the void boxes collapse or if pressure is exerted on the slab indicating full capacity boxes without deterioration. Steel terminals were welded to plates which rested on top of the sub-grade above the water bed.This rod was sleeved through the slab with pvc pipe. The purpose of these indicator rods was that when the waterbed filled up, if the top of the rod raised up also, the void boxes collapsed. VIII. Results The Water Bed Test Three weeks after the slab was poured, the waterbeds were filled. All five waterbed indicators rose quickly and to a uttermost height of 7 inches. The void boxes were 8 inches deep at these points, therefore, the boxes were fully collapsed. No deflection or distress was observed in the slab therefore, the test was booming. Three of the test were done with a subgrade that had ? nch rain on it the iniquity before placing the concrete. The waxed boxes were placed in a very dry, blond subgrade in over 100 degree brave out, trying to simulate the driest of conditions. Observation holes which were 4 inch in diameter were located to monitor the deterioration of the void boxes. It was observed that for close to two weeks after the slab was poured, the humidity was very high in the void space with a great circularize of heat generated. Slab indicators showing the heaving of the soil and therefore the visitation of the boxes IX. Conclusions From Water Bed Tests 1.After three weeks all boxes had lost enough strength to cling to the slab from pressure. 2. After three weeks, even boxes which are waxed will fail adequately. All boxes tested were of the vertical cell type. 3. This test was very successful and the use of waterbeds is an excellent method to test void boxes. X. Test 5 Effect of Integral Retainers and Earth Forming As published in the Fall, 1997 minutes of the Texas Section of The American Society of Civil Engineers, Mr. Robert Davis, P. E. tested trapezoidal void boxes to determine if they fail under construction loads.His conclusion was that trapezoidal boxes of the diagonal type fail when used under a grade beam. We have also seen this in the field and agree with the findings. However, some engineers still use the integral co ncrete retainers. This test was to determine if earth formed grade beams with trapezoidal boxes and the integral concrete retainers are appropriate. A testing frame-up was constructed to test different box and retainer configurations. The test was constructed to push up from the bottom with highly expansive fat clays below the simulated grade beam.Hydraulic jacks were used under the expansive soil to simulate the heaving of expansive soil. A weight equivalent to 200 psf was applied to the grade beam. The friction of the soil plus the bearing on the end of the concrete retainer caused the box to freely move upward. XI. Project Experience-Performance of Boxes under mannikin Beams About the time of our tests, a construction project was completed using diagonal type beam boxes under formed concrete beams. roughly 1000 feet of grade beams were set up in dry weather and normal conditions. The concrete was placed at inch slump and vibrated. After the forms were removed, it was discovered that approximately 20 percent of the void boxes failed. The contractor was instructed to dapple off all excess concrete that invaded the void space which took approximately three days to accomplish. The next 1000 feet of grade beams were set up using vertical cell boxes under the same conditions with the same contractor. No boxes failed on this second pour. View of failed boxes XII. Suggested Procedure for Filling Gaps The weakest point of failure for void boxes is on the ends and especially at the intersection with piers.After experimenting with several methods, I have put that common expandable foam as found in hardware stores works excellent in filling gaps and providing a tight form during construction. I recommend all gaps and holes between boxes and at the intersection with piers be filled with this foam. The cost is nominal for a exemplary project. Expandable Foam used to fill gaps XIII. Final Conclusions and Recommendations 1. All boxes essential have moisture in order to deteriorate properly. Therefore, the boxes should not be completely wrapped in poly which is a common practice of contractors. . The moisture from the subgrade plus the hydration of the concrete appear to provide adequate deterioration of the boxes. The void boxes appear to fail from the bottom to the top. 3. A moisture barrier (polyethylene) should not be used below the boxes because it does not allow deterioration from the subgrade below. 4. A moisture barrier (poly) on top of the boxes may affect the hydration of the concrete and therefore the humidity in the void space. This barrier also increases the hazard of excessive shrinkage cracks and therefore should not be used for that reason.The question of if this barrier is necessary to prevent moisture migration through the slab and thus affect any floor covering is not a subject of this paper. However, this reference has not encountered this problem and therefore, does not recommend placing a vapor barrier on top of the boxes . 5. A layer of ? inch thick masonite should be used on top of all boxes under a slab area. This distributes the severe loads due to the rebar bolsters and construction loads. It is our experience that the cardboard cover sheets supplied by the box manufacturers are not adequate for the construction loads.Masonite of less burdensomeness will curl and is not recommended. Plywood or OSB board is not recommended because of termites. 6. Trapezoidal boxes should not be used because the concrete retainers transfer forces from the expanding soil to the concrete beam above. There is also evidence that these boxes fail during construction if they are of the diagonal cell configuration. 7. Expandable foam should be used to fill all gaps between boxes and at pier locations. REFERENCE www. foundationperformance. org causation NAME _ DAVID K. ISBELL, P. E.