Cmn 277 Essay Example for Free

Cmn 277 EssayFrequency of effort how many measure you have been loose into message a. Cumulative (more than one time) multiple b. Non-cumulative (base on taking one) 6. Nature of outcome a. cognitive (do with armed combat against what we believe) b. Affective (do with emotion or feeling) c. Behavioral (perform) EX. The table is soft, plainly I think it is hard (cognitive) I begettert like tables any more (affective) I will non buy it. (Behavioral) 3) Phases of exploits look inquiry topics, theories, and typical seek in the subscribe effects era, limited effects era, and qualified effects era 1. Direct effects era query topics and theories a. Looking at semipolitical propaganda b. Media sensed to be influential c. EX. Hypodermic needle and magic bullet theories (media ar powerful) Research research concentrate on on content of media little research on media effects 2. bound effects era Research topics and theories a. Why are media not powerful? b. Ex. Selective exposure and selective retention theories Typical research check into and content analysis 3. Conditional effects era Research topics and theories a. Looking for more knotty effects b.Looking for conditions when effects may occur Typical research broadened range of methods B) Research Methods Overview 1) grassroots problems in media effects research 1. Problems of exposure when soul consume the message, different level of exposure. 2. Problems of measurement 3. Problems of precedent (you like to try everything) 2) Causal homunculuss fundamental unidirectional model, supplemental models, and alternative causal models 1. Basic one-way model X- ca habit, independent (nature) Y- effect, dependent (depend on X) X Y 2. Supplement causal models The basic is right, but maybe two or more ways . Multiple causes model X X Y X b. Mutual causation model X Y c. Intervening model (not directly) X Z Y 3. Alternative causal models One-way model here is false a. Reverse causation model X Y b . Third-factor model X Y Z 3) Data collection methods description, advantages, and disadvantages of content analysis, surveys, and experiments 1. nub analysis Numerical description of media a. Advantages Identifies what is in the media message that starts in message b. Disadvantages By itself, cannot demonstrate cause and effect . Surveys Asking representative sample, external validity a. Advantages 1) Representative sample of concourse 2) Measures naturally occurring events b. Disadvantages 1) Limited to questions 2) Cannot measure time order 3. Experiments Expose people to something measure effects, internal, validity a. Advantages 1) Can survey/ dodge events 2) Can observe time order b. Disadvantages 1) Often uses limited sample of people 2) Artificial backcloth and roles C) Uses and Gratifications Theories 1) Uses and Gratifications defined and the uses and gratifications model 1. DefinedWhat happens before and during media exposure helps determine the effects of exposure 2 . Model psychological forces individual, what you believe affable forces outside influence, from others or (Both happen at the same time) Reasons for exposure conditions of exposure what do you feel media effects Example Desire to vote correctly Professor urges you to engage in political process 2) Some reasons for media exposure (list of common media gratifications) 1. Surveillance Try to learn something, figure something out 2. delight Look for to prove your mood 3. Interpersonal activity 1) You want to see to it famous people, so you watch the TV show (2) You watch TV show, you want to talk to others most it. 4. Para social interaction We keep the relationship (you watch Opera, you believe her because she tells you what to do) 5. Personal Identity You watch TV show to modify yourself and expand your knowledge in the fields you are interested in. The similarity is between you and characters. D) Cultivation scheme 1) Constructed nature of social reality 1. The mind begins a s a blank slate 2. Our reality is constructed for us by social interactions and institutions 3.Part of the reality we construct is based on television reality 4. goggle box reality is wrong 2) Television reality what is wrong with it the consistency of the patterns Entertainment television presents a ill-shapen view of America and the world. 62% characters are male multitude under 18 are totally 1/3 of actual People over 65 are sole(prenominal) 1/5 of actual Crime is 10 times as common as actual Medical and barbarous justice workers many times as common as actual 3% of TV characters are responsible for an older adult 3) The Cultivation process parts of the process 1. Where attitudes come fromBelief 1 Belief 2 attitude judgment Belief 3 EX. Beliefs and attitude toward police officers Police use brutality Police protect people Police abuse power 2. The cultivation model mantraps exposure to TV demographics 1) characterization to TV demographics a. Who is on Television b. What they do and what happens to them 2) Viewers beliefs some people, places, and other social phenomena a. Who is out there in the world b. What they do and what happens to them 3) Views attitudes a. Based on beliefs rough people, places, and other social phenomena b.We infer importance status, and relative social place we make judgments c. Mainstreaming process 4) march on specifications 1. When does Cultivation not occur? a. When direct experience differs from TV b. When people view critically c. When the TV message is not uniform 2. When is cultivation most likely to occur? a. When the message resonate with direct experience b. When 5) Cultivation research Content analyses and surveys 1. Content analysis of television 2. Survey research a. icon to TV b. Beliefs c. Attitudes 6) Criticisms of the supposition 1. Difficult to establish causality 2. Too broadE) General Media Effects Theories 1) Social Learning 1. Overview We can learn behavior by watching others behavior 2. How it w orkings a. Basic model Attention to performance of behavior b. Important conditions 1) Identification with model 2) Model rewards/consequences 3) Situational motivations The situation should be the same c. Categorizing the supposition 1) Causes change 2) Individual-level 3) semipermanent 4) Non-cumulative (only need to see performance once) 5) Behavioral centralize 2) Excitation Transfer 1. Overview The excitement we get from media content can exaggerate our feelings 2.How it workings 1) Physiological stimulant (transfer) Media content can be arousal Expose to arousing content 2) Exaggeration comes from misunderstanding the cause of arousal. 3) Categorizing the theory 1. Causes change 2. Individual level 3. Short-term 4. Non-cumulative 5. Affective focus 3) Exemplification A lot of times we see examples of people in news, we think close to the represent issue, use the examples to judge issues. 1. How it works 1) People understand issues in terms of effect on other people 2) New s stories supply examples of people and situations (exemplars) often extreme causes. ) People treat exemplars as typical cases 4) Exemplars are often easy to remembrance when a. No firm impression of actual situation b. Example created emotional reaction 5) Process Exposure to examples in News 6) Net effect extreme, incorrect beliefs and judgments about social issues 2. Categorizing the theory 1) Causes change 2) Individual-level 3) Long-term 4) Non-cumulative 5) Cognitive focus 4) Desensitization a. The more you see bedevil the content, the less it bother you (content that used to bother you). b. How it works 1) Applies to affect-producing content 2) Basic modelRepeated exposure 3) Outcome can be touched or behavior change c. Categorizing the theory 1) Causes change 2) Individual-level 3) Long-term 4) Cumulative 5) Affective focus (first) 5) purgation Not very supported, but very interesting media get out opportunity for us to add up emotions. (Media content lets us imagine awa y negative feelings) 1. How it works 1) We have negative experience 2) Media provide venue for fantasizing 3) Basic model Negative feelings 2. Categorizing the theory 1) Causes change 2) Individual-level 3) Short-term 4) Non-cumulative 5) Affective focus ) bread and butter Some media content encourage us to stay as we are (media reinforces what we already think, feel and do) 1. How it works 1) Builds from 2 basic observations a. Not everyone reacts to media content b. Many people already behave as suggested by content 2) Basic model Exposure to content 2. Categorizing the theory (does not cause change) 1) Reinforces 2) Individual-level 3) Long-term 4) Non-cumulative 5) Cognitive/affective/behavioral focus F) Media Violence and Aggression 1) Basic models of abandon effects 1. Exposure to violence in media ExposureExposure Exposure 2. Exposure to violence in media 2) The research content analysis, experiments, and survey studies 1. Content analysis (1) Count of violent acts Six per cent of all TV shows have violence and have six hours (2) Perpetrators Good guys commit violence 3) Consequences (terrible) 70% of violent acts down, half of them show no harm or no pain. 4% content 2. Survey studies (1) One-time How a good deal violence can you observe? Generally conducted on Children Ask seeer to measure the aggression in Children Ask children how much TV they watchLots of TV= lots of aggression (2) Over-time 1961 increase exposure=increased aggression 1971 increased exposure=increased aggression Being exposed to violence= aggressive behavior (causal nature) 3. Experiment business line experiments outcomes based on previous experience Look at previous behavior, control predict barbarian is related to aggressive Trying to find out what people are doing naturally Less control 3) Criticisms of the research Causal model cannot show relationship with certainty Why is there so much violence? Easily produced Easily understood G) intimately Explicit Content ) Issue s in intimately open content research the basic categorization scheme, kinds of dependent variables, ethical concerns 1. The basic categorization scheme (1) Sexually violent a. Sex involves in movies (2) Nonviolent degrading More or less can teach bad things for male and female relationship (3) Nonviolent non-degrading Love, equal power between (4) Nudity It is not real about sex (5) Child pornography 2. Kinds of dependent variables (1) Arousal What people will be like when show something? (2) Beliefs What people think about the sexual content? (3) Attitudes (4) Behavior Whats your sexual activity?Take safe or not? 3. Ethical concerns People do the content worries about 2) Effects of non-violent sexually explicit content degrading and non-degrading content 3) Effects of sexual violence what makes sexual violence different than other violence, typical sexual violence content types and exposure effects We only see it in media Typical sexual violence content types the outcome 4) Cri ticisms of the research Hard to do this experiment H) Race in Crime News 1) Theoretical approaches to possible effects 2) Race and offence news how various racial groups are depicted 3) Explaining differences in news coverageI) Mass Media and gender 1) Theoretical approaches to possible effects 2) Remember audience differences 3) Entertainment media and advertising content patterns, the role of media producers, research on effects of exposure to body images J) Media Media and Health 1) Theoretical approaches to possible effects 2) Representations of mental disorders 3) Representations of physicians circulating(prenominal) and past 4) Entertainment-Education 5) Media Obesity characteristics of common portrayals (of food and people), nutritional knowledge K) Public Opinion 1) Public intuitive feeling defined 2) Spiral of Silence ) Criticisms of Spiral of Silence We need more research, dont work very wellspring in the USA. L) Agenda Setting, Priming, Framing 1) The agenda settin g effect the public agenda, the media agenda, how the media communicate the importance of issues, the basic model 2) Agenda setting research survey research at one time, survey research over time, and experiments 3) Conditions that affect when agenda setting happens individual differences and issue obtrusiveness 4) Issue priming the priming effect and research Use the issue to judge the leaders 5) Framing the news framing effectDoes carry away in account what it said. M) Mass Media and Presidential Elections 1) Relationship between candidates and journalists 2) Pattersons Game Schema conjecture a) Hypothesis general thesis and model b) Opposing approaches to elections how journalists and voters approach elections c) Effects of this disparity d) Why this has occurred e) Strengths and weaknesses (criticisms) of the theory N) Effects of Internet Use 1) Internet use affects quality of interactions 2) Internet use replaces interpersonal conversation 3) Internet use replaces traditiona l mass mediaPeople dont have recourses to do multiple things. You dont know when someone watching you. Internet people can get really diversity information III. Discussion function content since examination 1 A) Sex Roles on Television and Stereotype Threat B) Video risque and music video findings C) Voter turnout trends and campaigns Important thing to know who tends to vote. Education level, race graphics Why? Old people are home, and others. VEP is better than the VAP Learn about the candidates and decide how you to vote regard the news and look for issue information about the conditdatesWant to decide how to vote I dont want to become a police officer Viewers attitudes Viewers beliefs Performance of behavior Learning of behavior Exaggeration of feelings Arousal Examples used in beliefs and judgment about issues Recall of examples Acceptance of depicted behavior Reduced emotional response Perform Reduction of schoolmaster feelings Various releases of feelings Exposure to oth ers acting out feelings Predisposition reinforcement Aggressiveness Aggressiveness Social acquire Aggressiveness Excitation transfer Aggressiveness Desensitization Fear