Lynchings In America Essay -- essays research papers

Recently, an L.A. Times article (dated 2/13/00) reviewed a new book entitled "Without Sanctuary", a collection of photographs from lynchings throughout America. During the course of the article, the author, Benjamin Schwarz, outlined some truly interesting and disturbing facts related to this gruesome act of violence between 1882 and 1930, more than 3,000 race were lynched in the U.S., with approximately 80% of them taking erupt in the South. Though most people think only African Americans were victims of lynchings, during those years, about 25% were white. Data indicates that mobs in the West lynched 447 whites and 38 forbiddings in the Midwest there were 181 white victims and 79 black and in the South, people lynched 291 whites and 2,462 African Americans. Though most people believe lynchings were just the locution of racial hatred, the author indicates that 20% of Southern lynching victims were killed by mobs of their witness race. In addition, other societies such as Ancient Rome and Greece, Germany, China, Nigeria, and eastern United States Africa lynched their own. It is for this reason that Mr. Schwarz believes lynchings cannot be explained only in terms of racism and paranoid "white psyche". To find the true reason, we must consider a different point of view. According to Mr. Schwarz, in the late 19th century, there arose in the South a large proportion of transient black men who, as their labor became expendable in an increasingly industrial and commercial econo...

English Literature and Background Essay

MA (Previous) Semester I make-up I written report II musical composition iii newspaper IV Paper V Semester II Paper I Paper II Paper tether Paper IV Paper V Semester triple Paper I Paper II Paper ternion Paper IV Paper V History, structure and Description of position I position literary productions up to the Early ordinal nose candyI face writings up to the Early seventeenth coulombII side of meat writings of the Seventeenth & adenylic acid 18th speed of lightI slope Literature of the Seventeenth & vitamin A Eighteenth CenturyII History, social structure and Description of English II English Literature of the nineteenth CenturyI English Literature of the Nineteenth CenturyII English Literature of the Twentieth CenturyI English Literature of the Twentieth CenturyII MA ( final) American LiteratureI Indian Writing in EnglishI Postcolonial Literature English terminology article of faith Inter-Disciplinary (ID-I) Writing for faculty member and Professional Purp oses SeminarSemester IV Paper I American LiteratureII Paper II Indian Writing in EnglishII Paper III Specializations 1) Womens Writing 2) Indian Literatures in interpretation 3) Modern Classics in Translation one specialization to be offered in each college Paper IV Project Work Paper V Inter-Disciplinary (ID-II) Literature and Film Seminar division of English University College of liberal arts & affectionate Sciences Osmania University, Hyderabad MA (Previous) Semester I(Papers I to V) Semester I(Papers I to V) Paper I social unit 1 History, Structure and Description of English-I a) Indo-European Family of Languages b) Descent of English Old English, Middle English and Modern English a) Language as a System of talk b) Levels of Language Description Phonology and Morphology a) phonic Description of Consonants b) Phonetic Description of Vowels a) Noun Phrase Structure (Determiners, pre and post modifiers, number, and gender) b) The Simple Sentence in English a) Verb Phrase S tructure (Verb types, tense, aspect, concord phrasal verbs) b) Coordination and Subordination (Semantic Implications) verbalism more example of satire in huckleberry finn building block 2whole 3 unit 4 unit of measurement 5Paper II unit of measurement 1English Literature up to the Early Seventeenth CenturyI Background Renaissance unsnarlation Development of British fun University Wits rime Geoffrey Chaucer Edmund Spenser General Prologue to The Canterbury Tales sonnets 34 (Lyke as a Ship) Sonnet 54 (Of the Worlds Theatre) Sonnet 68 (Most Glorious lord of Life) Everyman in His humor The Duchess of Malfi The Spanish Tragedie Doctor Faustus building block 2 social unit 3 childs play Ben Jonson John Webster manoeuvre Thomas Kyd Christopher Marlowe unit of measurement 42 division of English University College of arts & Social Sciences Osmania University, Hyderabad whole 5 Prose Francis Bacon Sir Philip SidneyEssays (Of Truth, Of Death, Of Revenge) An Apologie for PoetriePap er III unit 1 building block 2English Literature up to the Early Seventeenth CenturyII Background Translation of the Bible Utopia Tragedy prank Drama William Shakespeare Drama William Shakespeare Poetry John Donne George Herbert Poetry AndrewMarvell Richard banglace King Lear henry IV Part I Twelfth Night The Tempest A Valediction, The regulationization The Good-Morrow Virtue, Pulley, Collar To His Coy harlot, Garden To Althea From Prison To Lucasta, Going Beyond the seasUnit 3 Unit 4Unit 5Paper IV Unit 1 Unit 2 Unit 3 Unit 4English Literature of the Seventeenth and Eighteenth CenturiesI Background apologue Neo-Classicism Epic Rise of the English Novel Poetry John Milton enlightenment Lost (Bks I & IX) Poetry John Dryden Absalom and Achitophel Mac Flecknoe legend Daniel Defoe Robinson Crusoe enthalpy Fielding Joseph Andrews Prose John Dryden Essay of Dramatic Poesy (Up to testing of The Silent woman) Preface to Shakespeare (Up to the paragraph Samuel Johnson beginning So slipshod was this great poet 3Unit 5 incision of English University College of liberal arts & Social Sciences Osmania University, HyderabadPaper V Unit 1 Unit 2 Unit 3English Literature of the Seventeenth and Eighteenth CenturiesII Background Pastoral Poetry Restoration Comedy derision Sentimental Comedy Poetry Alexander Pope Poetry William Blake The itch of the Lock (Canto I) An Essay on Criticism (Part I) Songs of Innocence (The love, consecrated Thursday, The chimney Sweeper) Songs of Experience (The Tyger, Holy Thursday, The Chimney Sweeper, London, A Poison Tree) Elegy indite in a Country Churchyard The Way of the World The Rivals Sir Roger in Church The Aims of the Spectator Mr. Bickerstaff on Himself The Spectator ClubUnit 4Unit 5Thomas Gray Drama William Congreve R B Sheridan Prose Joseph Addison Richard Steele4Department of English University College of humanistic discipline & Social Sciences Osmania University, Hyderabad MA (Previous) Semester II(Papers I to V) Paper I Unit 1 History, Structure and Description of EnglishII a) Word Formation in English b) Change of Meaning a) Levels of Language Description Syntax b) Varieties of Language Dialect, Idiolect, Register, and trend a) Word Stress in English b) Properties of Connected Speech namby-pamby forms/Elision and Intonation a) Behaviourist and Cognitivist Approaches to Language Learning/ breeding Differences between First Language Acquisition and cooperate Language Learning b) part of English in India and the Objectives of Teaching English at the College Level a) Techniques of Teaching Prose, Poetry, Grammar, and Vocabulary b) Language TestingUnit 2Unit 3Unit 4Unit 5Paper II Unit 1 Unit 2English Literature of the Nineteenth CenturyI Background Romanticism Fancy and Imagination Gothic historical Novel Poetry William Wordsworth S T Coleridge Poetry P B Shelley John Keats Intimations Ode, Tintern AbbeyRime of the Ancient Mariner Ode to the West Wind, To a Skylark Odes On a Grecian Urn, To Autumn, To a Nightingale Emma Wuthering high schoolUnit 3Unit 4 fiction Jane Austen Emily Bront5Department of English University College of humanistic discipline & Social Sciences Osmania University, Hyderabad Unit 5 Prose Charles lamb William Hazlitt Dream Children, Old China The Indian Juggler, The FightPaper III Unit 1English Literature of the Nineteenth CenturyII Background Science and Religion Pre-Raphaelites Dramatic Monologue Realism and naturalism Poetry Alfred Lord Tennyson Robert Browning Poetry Elizabeth Barrett Browning Ulysses, Lotos Eaters My Last Duchess, Andrea Del SartoUnit 2Unit 3G M Hopkins Matthew Arnold Unit 4 simile Charles Dickens Thomas Hardy Prose Matthew Arnold John RuskinSonnets from the Portuguese 21 (Say over Again ) 32 (The first time that ) 43 (How do I love thee ) Pied Beauty, Gods Grandeur, Windhover Dover Beach Hard Times Tess of the dUrbervilles The ingest of Poetry Unto This Last (Section I)Unit 5Paper IV Unit 1 Unit 2English Lit erature of the Twentieth CenturyI Background Modernism Dada and Surrealism Symbolism Stream of cognisance Poetry W B Yeats T S Eliot Easter 1916, Second Coming, Byzantium The Waste Land6Department of English University College of Arts & Social Sciences Osmania University, Hyderabad Unit 3 manufacture D H Lawrence Joseph Conrad Prose Virginia Woolf E M Forster Drama G B Shaw J M Synge Sons and Lovers Heart of Darkness A Room of Ones feature Art for Arts Sake (from Two Cheers for Democracy) Saint Joan Riders to the SeaUnit 4Unit 5Paper V Unit 1 Unit 2English Literature of the Twentieth CenturyII Background Postmodernism Impressionism Existentialism Movement Poetry Poetry Ted Hughes Phillip Larkin Seamus Heaney Fiction William Golding Graham Greene Drama Samuel Beckett Tom Stoppard lilliputian Story Roald Dahl A S Byatt Thought Fox, Hawk Roosting Churchgoing, Toads Digging, Punishment Lord of the Flies The Power and the Glory Waiting for Godot Indian Ink Lamb to the Slaughter Th e Umbrella Man Sugar (from Sugar and Other Stories)Unit 3Unit 4Unit 57Department of English University College of Arts & Social Sciences Osmania University, Hyderabad Syllabus of M A (English) (With effect from 2009-10) MA (Final) Semester III(Papers I-V) Paper I Unit 1 American LiteratureI Background American Frontier American Renaissance American Transcendentalism American Puritanism Poetry Phyllis Wheatley Walt Whitman On organism Brought from Africa to America When Lilacs Last in the Door-yard Bloomd, Out of the rock n roll musician Endlessly Rocking, Crossing the Brooklyn Ferry I taste a hard drink never brewed, She sweeps with many-colored brooms, After great pain a formal timbre comes The Scarlet Letter The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn The Hairy Ape Death of a Salesman The American Scholar Civil DisobedienceUnit 2Emily DickinsonUnit 3Fiction Nathaniel Hawthorne Mark Twain Drama Eugene ONeill Arthur Miller Prose Ralph Waldo Emerson Henry David ThoreauUnit 4Unit 58Depar tment of English University College of Arts & Social Sciences Osmania University, Hyderabad Paper II Unit 1 Indian Writing in EnglishI Background Indian Nationalist Movement Use of English for political awakening Reform Movements Rise of the Indian Novel Poetry (Selections from Indian Poetry in English. Ed Makarand Paranjape. Macmillan, 1993) Sri Aurobindo I have a hundred lives The Golden fall Thought the Paraclete Toru Dutt Sita,Our Casuarina Tree Sarojini Naidu The Pardah Nashin, Ghanashyam Fiction Krupabai Satthianandhan Mulk Raj Anand Fiction Raja Rao R K Narayan Prose Rabindranath Tagore B R Ambedkar Kamala a Story of Hindu life unobtainable Kanthapura The Man-Eater of Malgudi Nationalism in India (from Nationalism) The Annihilation of Caste (Collected Works of B R Ambedkar, Vol III)Unit 2Unit 3Unit 4 Unit 5Paper III Unit 1 Unit 2Postcolonial Literatures Background Colonialism-Imperialism Postcolonialism Nationalism Diaspora Poetry Christopher Okigbo Edward Brathwaite Jud ith Wright Heavens gateway, Death lay in Ambush Didnt He lay out, Calypso Eve to Her Daughters, Bullocky Things Fall Apart The Edible WomanUnit 3Fiction Chinua Achebe Margaret Atwood9Department of English University College of Arts & Social Sciences Osmania University, Hyderabad Unit 4 Drama Wole Soyinka Derek Walcott Prose V S Naipaul Ngugi wa Thiongo Kongis Harvest Dream on brownie MountainUnit 5Indian Autobiographies (from Literary Occasions Essays) The Language of African Literature (from Decolonizing the Mind)Paper IV ENGLISH LANGUAGE breeding Unit I History of English Language Teaching in India Some important landmarks a) Critique of Macaulays Minute b) Landmarks of English commandment in India after Independence Kunzru Committee, the three wrangle formula and Kothari commission. c) Ramamurthy instruction Report d) Curriculum and its components Syllabus/ Paper Design materials development major Approaches, Methods and Syllabi a. Traditional methods Use of the Gramm ar Translation method, Direct method, Reading method b. structural Approach Audio-Lingual Method, Types of syllabi structuraloral-situational, notional-functional linguistic competence and communicative competence misconduct analysis and Remedial commandment c. Communicative approach, Krashens Monitor pretense (Natural method) task based syllabus d. Humanistic Approaches Community Language Learning, Suggestopaedia schoolroom Techniques a. Lecture mode classroom discussion Peer and pair flow b. Role play Team teaching Teaching large classes. c. Teaching Aids Use of the Blackboard, flip charts, , OHP, audio visual tools, Television, d. Traditional and digital Language Lab the Computer and the Internet. Teaching of Language skills a. The teaching of listening, speaking, reading, indite and related study skills b. Teaching of literature c. Stylistic approach to the teaching of literature (norm, deviation, and foregrounding) d. Teaching of language through literature. 10Unit IIUni t IIIUnit IVDepartment of English University College of Arts & Social Sciences Osmania University, Hyderabad Unit V Testing and Evaluation a. sizeableness of Testing, traditional testing methods Different types of tests b. Group Discussion (GD) c. Interview d. operate EvaluationPaper V Inter Disciplinary ID-I Writing for Academic and Professional Purposes Unit 1 Language CompetenceA. Communicative Grammar Nouns, articles, prepositional phrases, tenses theatre verb agreement, modal verbs,difference between spoken & written language B. Sentence structure, kinds of sentences-statements, interrogatives, question tags passive constructions, reported speech use of conditionals, flux & complex sentences C. Academic Reading read to write- focus on the gist, idiom, rhetoric, style and genre specific features in different texts intensive & critical reading, note making Unit 2 Organization of piece A. Guided make-up, expansion, use of connectives, sequencing, writing a pa ragraph free writing, foreland mapping. Paraphrasing, summarizing, writing an abstract Writing letters, resume and email ( e-mail etiquette)B. C.Unit 3 Academic Writing A. B. C. proposals, SOPs ( statement of purpose) structure of a report, report writing Writing an essay (descriptive, argumentative and scientific)Unit 4 Professional Writing A. Inter office memos, professional reports( business, survey, minutes of a meeting) B. Editing, writing a review, creative writing (Ad writing, slogan writing and writing headlines). C. Technical writing product and process writing, writing a user manual SEMINAR PRESENTATION11Department of English University College of Arts & Social Sciences Osmania University, Hyderabad MA (Final) Semester IV(Papers I-V) Paper I Unit 1 Unit 2 American LiteratureII Background American Dream Multiculturalism Lost Generation American Comedy Poetry Robert cover Wallace Stevens Robert Lowell Unit 3 Fiction Ernest Hemingway Saul Bellow Drama Lorraine Hansberry Neil Simon short Fiction Henry James William Faulkner Issac Asimov West Running Brook, pedestal Burial Sunday Morning The Emperor of Ice-Cream For the Union Dead At a Bible House The Old Man and the Sea secure the Day Raisin in the Sun Sunshine Boys The Middle Years Go Down Moses The Bicentennial ManUnit 4Unit 512Department of English University College of Arts & Social Sciences Osmania University, Hyderabad Paper II Unit 1 Indian Writing in EnglishII Background Decolonization Counter DisPapers Partition Literature fiction and Literature Poetry (Selections from Indian Poetry in English. Ed Makarand Paranjape. Macmillan, 1993) Nissim Ezekiel Kamala das A K Ramanujan Unit 3 Fiction Salman Rushdie Shashi Deshpande Drama Girish Karnad Mahesh Dattani Short Fiction Bharati Mukherjee Enterprise Poet, Lover, Birdwatcher An Introduction The Old Playhouse A River, Love Poem for a Wife-IUnit 2Midnights Children The Binding Vine Hayavadana Final Solutions A Wifes Story, Management of Gr ief (both from The wholesaler and Other Stories, 1989) The Accompanist A Devoted Son (both from Games at Twilight, 1978)Unit 4Unit 5Anita Desai13Department of English University College of Arts & Social Sciences Osmania University, Hyderabad Paper III (Specializations) A) Womens Writing B) Indian Literatures in Translation C) Modern Classics in Translation Paper III A) Womens Writing Unit 1 Background The Woman distrust New Woman Womens Liberation Movement Feminism Re-reading the Canon Prose Mary WollstonecraftUnit 2Vindication of the Rights of Women (Introduction and Chapter 2) The Second Sex (Essay on Biology)Simon de Beauvour Unit 3 Poetry Elizabeth Barret Browing Sylvia Plath Margaret Atwood Grace Nichols Anne Stevenson Fiction Virginia Woolf Nadine Gordimer Drama Carly Churchill Alima Ata AidooA Curse for a Nation Lady Lazarus Circle Mud Poems make Poetry, The Spirit is too Blunt an InstrumentUnit 4Mrs Dalloway July PeopleUnit 5Top Girls AnowaPaper III (B) Indian LITERAT URES IN TRANSLATION Unit 1 i) ii) Background Types of Natya (Nataka, Prakarana, and Prahasana) and Theory of Rasa and Kavya Indian Concept of Translation (from Translation as Discovery by Sujit Mukherjee, Chapter 2 & 3) Scope of Comparative Literature (Comparative Literature in India A Perspective by Bijay Kumar rabbit from Comparative Indian Literature ed. Rao & Dhawan) 14iii)Department of English University College of Arts & Social Sciences Osmania University, Hyderabad iv) Dalit Aesthetics (Dalit Literature and Aesthetics from Towards an Aesthetics of Dalit Literature by Sharavan Kumar Limbale) Poetry Sangam Poety from Poems of Love and War Trans by AK. Ramanujan, Akam Poems Kurinci (page 15), Neytal (page 41),Palai(page 53), Mullai (page 81), Marutam (page 97), Puram Poems King Killi in Combat (page 123) Gurram Joshua I was one of them, The Bat Messenger (From Twentieth Century Telugu Poetry. An Anthology ed. By Velcheru Narayan Rao, OUP 2002) Jibananda Das Banala ta Sen, The Naked Solitary Hand (From Signatures ed by Satchidanandan, Sahitya Academi, New Delhi) Drama KalidasUnit 2 i)ii)iii)Unit 3 i)Abhgnana Shakuntalam from The Plays of Kalidasa by Barbara Stoller Miller, Ed capital of South Carolina University Press, 1984 Silence the Court is in Session (OUP)ii) Unit 4 i)Vijay Tendulkar Fiction PremchandGodan a novel of peasant India Tans by Jai Ratan and P. Lal Bombay Jaico, 1979ii)U.R Anantha Murthy Smakara A solemnity of Dead Man Trans by A.K. Ramanujan (OUP) Short FictionUnit 5 i)Folktales Bopoluchi (A Punjabi Folk Tale), Why the Fish Laughed (A Kashmiri Folk Tale), Folktales from India selected and ed. By A.K. Ramanujan, Penguin Books India, 1994. Ismat Chugtai Chauti Ka Jowra from inward Courtyard. Ed Lakshmi Holmstrom, Rupa, 2002. Mahasweta Devi Shishu from Womens Writing, Vol II Ed by Tharu & Lalitha, OUP, 1991.ii)iii)15Department of English University College of Arts & Social Sciences Osmania University, Hyderabad Paper II I (C) Modern Classics in Translation Unit 1 Background promised land Bourgeois Experience Epic Theatre Magic Realism. Poetry Charles Baudelaire The dispirited muse, Even She was called Bautrice By Many Who knew Not Wherefore, The Remorse of the Dead Pablo Neruda What Spain was Like, The celestial Poets, Opium in the East Joseph Brodsky Odysseus to Telemachus, Nune Dimmittis, Nature Morte Unit 3 Fiction Gustav Flaubert Milan Kundera Drama Anton Chekhov Betrolt BrechtUnite 2Madame Bovary Book of Laughter ForgettingUnit 4The sanguine Orchard Mother CourageUnit 5Short Fiction Franz Kafka Gabriel Garcia Marquez PROJECT WORKMetamorphosis No one Writes to the ColonelPAPER IVPaper V Inter-Disciplinary (ID-II) Literature and Film Unit1 Background a)Elements of a fib Theme, Plot, Structure, Setting, Character, Point of View b) Narrative devices genres, montage, carry noir, flashback, special effects Unit 2 Drama and Film a) George Bernard Shaw Pygmalion (1913) b) George Cukor (Dire ctor) My Fair Lady (1964) Unit 3 Novel and Film a) EM Forster A Passage to India (1924) b) David Lean (Director) A Passage to India (1984). Unit 4 Short Fiction and Film a) Ruskin constipate The Blue Umbrella b) Vishal Bhardwaj (Director) The Blue Umbrella (2007)16Department of English University College of Arts & Social Sciences Osmania University, HyderabadSuggested Reading Beja, Morris. Film & Literature, an introduction, Longman, 1979. Bluestone, George. Novels into film, Johns Hopkins Press, 1957. Boyum, joyfulness Gould. Double Exposure Fiction into Film, Seagull Books, 1989. Corrigan, Timothy, ed Film and Literature An Introduction and Reader. Prentice Hall, 1999. Das Gupta, Chidananda. Talking about films. Orient Longman, 1981 Deborah Cartmell and Imelda Whelehan, eds. Adaptations from text to screen, screen to text. Routledge, 1999. Elliott, Kamilla. Rethinking the novel/film debate. CUP, 2003. Literature Film Quarterly. McFarlane, Brian. Novel to film an int roduction to the theory of adaptation. OUP, 1996. Ray, Satyajit. Our Films, Their Films. Orient Longman, 1976. Reberge, Gaston. The Subject of Cinema, Seagull Books, 1987. Stam, Robert and Alessandra Raengo, eds. A blighter to literature and film. Blackwell Pub., 2004.SEMINAR PRESENTATION

Mercan System Inc.

The caller-up was set up in 1980 by Eugene Mer undersurface and the first proceeds was a desalinator. In 1996, the ware line included desalinators, p contrivanceicle extends, ozonators, ion exchange resins, and purifiers. In 1996, sales revenues was intimately $ cd million (annual result average 12% for past quintuplet years), with an expected profit close to $50 million. In 1999, urine purifier was added to product line by development disfigurement name joyousness.The compevery has identified a market for its water purifier in developing countries where on that point is a huge, profitable and attractive market for clean water. Rahul Chatterjee, an International market liaison has been gathering information ab reveal the Indian market for alkali water purification devices. Statement of the Problem Mercan Systems would like to thrive in developing countries. They are seeking market ledger entry elements and entry schema to the Indian market for home purification devi ces.The entry st estimategies would then be compared with those of ii other Mercan liaisons who foc employ on Argentina, Brazil, and Indonesia. Indian market place for alkali Water Filtration and Purification The characteristics of this market is complex but Chatterjee found out that there are about four or flipper competitors in the market with alone one or two companies in Indias 25 states. The market may be in its early growth stages and many Indians felt the need for improved water quality. Target grocery store 44million households comprising of 40 million households of middle- and upper-middle-class households in the unify States and the European unification 4 million households who had similar values and lifestyles In addition, 50% of our tush market used boiling to make clean water, 40% of our engineer market used a mechanical device to improve their water quality while 10% of the target market owned neither a filter nor a purifier and seldom boiled their water. ma rket sectionalisation Traditional Method for foot Water Purification Boiling- Two to five liters of water for 10 minutes, al scurvy it to cool, and hen transfer it to containers for storage (often in a refrigerator). This procedure is cumbersome, time consuming, and ineffective in removing physical impurities and dour odors. Before storage they ordain filter their boiled water done candle filters. Water can become recontaminated during handling and storage. Mechanical Methods for Home Water Filtration and Purification Candle Filters -Low price depend on literal (plastic, porcelain or stainless steel) and easy to use. Candle filters were slow, producing 15 liters (one candle) to 45 liters (3 candles).It is necessitate to be removed, cleaned, and boiled for 20 minutes. Price Rs. 350 to Rs. 1,100. Water Purifiers These are remediate than Candle Filters. There are three steps, the first removed sediments, the atomic number 16 objectionable odors and colors and the third harmf ul bacteria and viruses. Price is Rs. 2,000 to Rs. 7,000. The remain 10% of the target market owned neither a filter nor a purifier and seldom boiled their water. Strategic alternative courses of action Market Entry Options 1)Whether to go to Licensing 2)Whether to go to Joint Venture )Whether to go to acquisition 4)Do Nothing Decision Tree Factor to Consider 1)Qualitative information 2)Quantitative abridgment 3)passport Qualitative Information Foreign Investment in India Licensing Involves supplying divulge purifier components and license fees impart be calculated by per unit rump over the item of the agreement Joint Venture Company Involves partnering with an brisk Indian confederacy and splitting profit equally. Acquisition Involves purchasing an lively Indian conjunction, then expand to include the water purifier with this arrangement.All profit will belong to Mercan Systems, Inc. Three Business Plans for Indian 1. Apply for market entry to the Foreign Investment Promo tion Board, Secretariat for Industrial Approvals, Ministry of Industries. 2. Approval of any royalties and fees, remittances of dividends and interest by Reserve Bank of India, Ministry of Finance. 3. A consulting firm has conscious Chatterjee that approval is Virtually guarantee by his consulting firm. Attractiveness of the Indian Market Tax Rates and Average Return on Assets Corporate valuate rates in India probably were somewhat higher than in the United States The average return on assets for all Indian corporations in recent year was almost 18%, for United States corporations was about 11%. Delight Purifier Uses a combination of technologies to remove four types of contaminants found in beverage water sediments, organic and inorganic chemicals, microbials or cysts, and objectionable tastes and odors. This technology is used to purify water to a level beyond WHO standards. There were two models that were countertop and wall-mount. Positioned as a quality productCompetitors Th ere are many competitors though the three major competitors are Eureka Forbes This is a Joint suppose bon ton between Electrolux (Sweden) and Forbes Cambell (India) which began operations in 1982. The company first brand name was Aquaguard (used ultraviolet rays to kill bacteria and viruses) with a price of Rs. 5, euchre and second brand was Puresip (used polyiodide resin to kill bacteria and viruses) with unit price of Rs. 2,000. The company used 2,500 person salesforce (directly on households) to sell Aquaguard and independent dealers to sell Puresip Ion switch overThe company began operation in 1964, they use brand name was ZERO-B (Zero-Bacteria). The product ZERO-B purifiers uses a halogenated resin technology which helped prevent iodine deficiency diseases and permitted purified water to be stored up to eight hours without fear of recontamination. Consumer needs to replace the halogenated resin at a cost of Rs. 200 every year. utterer This is a company that might be a suita ble partner to manufacture and give way the Delight purifier. Singers product contained nine stages (removed sediments, heavy metals, no-good tastes, odors, and colors, killed bacteria and viruses, fungi, and nematodes).The product life of flow rate is at 3. 8 liters per minute was at 40,000 liters (4. 4years for 25 liters per day), but slower liters per minute was 70,000 liters (7. 6 years for 25 liters per day). They described their product as state of the art and singer was a well-known and respected brand name in India otherwise competitors include The Delta Is a carbon copy of Aquaguard, Alfa Water Purifiers, symphony orchestras Spectrum, The Sam Group is Water Doctor purifier, and lastly Batliboi Other Relevant Information about Competition Sales volume of ZERO-B and Singer was or so 60,000 units in 1996. Sales volume of Aquaguard and Puresip was 190,000 units. More than 100 Indian companies made and marketed candle filters. All of purifier sales came from large urban ar eas and only ten to fifteen percent of the entire Indian population could be reached. Pros & Cons of alternative means of entry Licensing Pros There is relatively low risk and low cost associated with this alternative. Also there will be no need for Mercan to study Indias culture Cons Mercan will not make water control over activities of Licensee and they may lose image Joint venturePros Mercan will be actively involved and would have control over backing activities Cons tall cost and high risk is involved. There will be low returns and long-term payback period Acquisition Pros approach nest egg and fewer local restrictions may come with this mode of entry Cons High cost and high risk is involved Distribution Channel/ orchestrate used by competitors Eureka Forbes Uses 2,500 persons sales force and independent dealers. Ion Exchange Uses door-to-door sales force and consumer advertising. Singer Uses 3,000 independent dealers, 210 owned showrooms, and 400 salesmen.Product Pri ce Product Positioning Activities of competitors Promotion Eureka uses Television, newspaper and clip advertising Ion Exchange uses Television advertising while Singer uses television, newspaper, outside and transit advertising. Quantitative Analysis Licensing Capital cost of production facilities and equipment = $30,000 Cost of office facilities and equipment = $5,000 Annual fixed cost ranged between $15,000 $40,000 Average royalty = Rs. 300 gibe cost (min) = $30,000 + $5,000 + $15,000 = $50,000 Total cost (max) = $30,000 + $5,000 + $40,000 = $75,000 Exchange rate is 1$ = Rs. 35 B/E (min) = ($50,000 x 35) ? 300 = 5,834 units B/E (max) = ($75,000 x 35) ? 300 = 8,750 units Joint Venture/ Acquisition- Four Regions (110,000Units) SkimmingPenetration DealersalesforceDealerSalesforce sign InvRs. 8,000,000Rs. 8,000,000Rs. 8,000,000Rs. 8,000,000 headstrong CostRs. 7,000,000Rs. 14,000,000Rs. 7,000,000Rs. 14,000,000 functionRs. 650/UnitRs. 500/unitsRs. 300/unitRs. 200/unit B/E Inv12,30 8units16,000 units26,667 units40,000 units B/E contribution10,770 units28,000 units23,334 units70,000units % market9. 79%25. 45%21. 21%63. 64% Total Contribution contribution*110,000)Rs. 71,500,000Rs. 55,000,000Rs. 33,000,000Rs. 22,000,000 Joint Venture/Acquisition- Two regions (55,000units) SkimmingPenetration DealersalesforceDealerSalesforce Initial InvRs. 4,000,000Rs. 4,000,000Rs. 4,000,000Rs. 4,000,000 Fixed CostRs. 4,000,000Rs. 7,200,000Rs. 4,000,000Rs. 7,200,000 ContributionRs. 650/UnitRs. 500/unitsRs. 300/unitRs. 200/unit B/E Inv6,154units8,000 units13,334 units20,000 units B/E contribution6,154 units14,400 units13,334 units36,000units % market11. 19%26. 18%24. 24%65. 45% Total Contribution (contribution*55,000)Rs. 35,750,000Rs. 7,500,000Rs. 16,500,000Rs. 11,000,000 Joint Venture/Acquisition- National Market (430,000units) SkimmingPenetration DealersalesforceDealerSalesforce Initial InvRs. 30,000,000Rs. 30,000,000Rs. 30,000,000Rs. 30,000,000 Fixed CostRs. 40,000,000Rs. 88,000 ,000Rs. 40,000,000Rs. 88,000,000 ContributionRs. 650/UnitRs. 500/unitsRs. 300/unitRs. 200/unit B/E Inv41,154units60,000 units100,000 units150,000 units B/E contribution61,539 units176,000 units133,333 units440,000units % market14. 31%40. 93%31%102. 3% Total Contribution (contribution*430,000)Rs. 279,500,000Rs. 215,000,000Rs. 129,000,000Rs. 6,000,000 Recommendation From both quantitative and qualitative analysis strategic focus on rural or smaller urban areas would not be wise, at least at the start. Cost of skilled labor in India was around Rs. 20 to Rs. 25. Mercan Systems Inc. should find an Indian partner. Joint Venture/ Acquisition using the skimming pricing strategy with dealers will be most profitable. shoot to use promotion like TV commercial, magazines etc. The company can invest 1% of total contribution for promotion activities by using TV commercials and magazines (1% of 279,500,000= Rs. 2,795,000 advertising).

Constructive Discharge Memo

Memorandum ToMike Bigg, chief executive officer FromHR Manager Date10/14/2012 ReEEO re rehabilitative DISCHARGE CLAIM Constructive tucker out Constructive discharge occurs when an employee is squeeze to furlough because the working conditions sport become unbear sufficient. According to Blacks Law Dictionary a constructive discharge is a margin of habit brought about by fashioning the employees working conditions so impermissible that the employee feels compelled to leave. These conditions would include curse or discrimination or receiving a cast out substitute in working conditions or his pay for reasons that argon non work related.A litmus test for this is to determine what a reasonable someone would do in this scenario. If a reasonable person would have resigned delinquent to the unbearable conditions, and if the employer had actual knowledge of the unendurable actions or conditions and could have remedied them impartd did non, then the employee would be consi dered constructively discharged. In a circumstance where an employee feels the employer make the job so unbearable that he cannot remain there, a illegitimate termination suit can be filed.In legal terms, being compelled to terminate is leg ally similar to being unfairly discharged. In the persona we are facing now, the complainant feels that our schedule change would not allow him to preserve his employment with us referable to the fact the rotating schedule would force him to once in a while work on his ghostlike holy day. In our situation, this law could have some merit if it can be proven that we changed the schedule in an attempt to target every specific individuals. In that case, we could be deemed at fault.However, due to comp each growth, the work schedule was modified to reflect a unsanded production requirement. Since the changes were due at one time to the need to change the undefiled production schedule and not aimed specifically at a superstar employee, th is situation should not apply. human activity heptad of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 Title sevensome of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 is an act that was passed by congress to provide citizens protection a crapst discrimination by employers based on race, worship, color, sex and internal origin.In Title heptad of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, the law contracts that it shall be an iniquitous practice for an employer to discharge any employee, or otherwise to discriminate against any individual with respect to his compensation, terms, conditions or privileges of his employment because of such(prenominal) individuals race, color, religion, sex, or national origin. This is the primary federal law that prohibits discrimination in the workplace. In basic terms, this act prohibits employers from making employment decisions based on race, color, religion, sex and national origin.Age discrimination and disability discrimination are not included in this act and are now covered by subseq uent laws enacted by congress. Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 relates directly to our case as the employee in wonder has charged that we violated his rights infra this act based on religion discrimination. His claim that we are making him work on his religious holy day brings Title VII into focus and it needs to be reviewed to see if his claim can be substantiated.Upon review of the entire operation and in light of the growth the social club is experiencing, it does not appear that we have violated his civil rights as claimed under this act. With all personnel being affected by the schedule change and each employee crossed equally in the scheduling, it would not seem probable that one individual has been singled out for his religious beliefs. Recommendation In reviewing the facts environ this case, it is apparent that we are not guilty of the charges levied against us and I rede that we proceed forward and litigate this case.Since the decision was make to change s hifts due to company growth and the need for a revised production schedule, I do not feel that we handled the situation incorrectly and recommend that we stretch on the same course. Making strategic operational decisions and mitigating supply kitchen stove process risks is an important part of the business model. Our decision was based only if on the need of the business to remain competitive in the marketplace, and not focused on changing our schedule to impede the religious freedoms any single employee.The only schedule that remained unchanged was for the office employees. Since the employee in question was not an office employee, and as we did not have any openings in that area, a move to the office would not be prudent or equitable for any other employees. Finally, at no point sooner the employee contacted the EEOC were we make aware of his religious beliefs and needs. Because of that lack of knowledge, we could not have made any accommodations for this employee to assist wi th his situation. We should feel comfortable saying the EEOC that we are not guilty of the charges that were alleged.Legal Support The most defining legal support that is available is the Civil Rights Act of 1964 itself. In Title VII of this Act, clear guidelines are given as to what protection employees are given against unlawful employment practices. In SEC. 2000e-2 of Title VII of The Civil Rights Act of 1964, it indicate that it shall be illegal for an employer todiscriminate against any individual with respect to his compensation, terms, conditions or privileges of employment, because of such individuals race, color, religion, sex or national origin.This employee has alleged that he was forced to succeed the new policy on shift work that he was discriminated against as he would now be demand to work on his religious holy day. addresss stipulate that a reasonable person test should be utilized to help determine this. By using the reasonable person test would a reasonable p erson quit due to conditions that were intolerable at the workplace I would suggest that would not occur. Many passels religious holy days were affected by the new schedule as the schedule demanded a rotating quaternion day on, four day off schedule.While it may be inconvenient to some, it would not unavoidably require an individual to resign his position. This employee at no time aware the employer of any conflicts based on his religion prior to his resignation. There could nonetheless be the possibility of utilizing vacation or personal days when the religious holy days fell on specific work required days. In Lawson V. Washington, 2001, a state trooper cadet resigned after realizing he would have to salute the flag and swear an oath to the state two of which are against his religion. He felt he would be complete if he failed to comply with the academys manual.At no point did anyone in manipulate at the academy indicate that he would be terminated, although they also neve r indicated they would make any accommodations for him in regards to this issue. In this case, Lawson was able to make a prima facie case on 2 of 3 points. He was able to prove his religion was legitimate and the demands were based on that religion. Secondly, he did inform his employer of his religious beliefs and the onus was then on the employer to make reasonable accommodations for him. He could not prove the third point where the academy would have terminated his employment if he did not comply.In our case, the employee never made it known that his religion would not allow him to work on specific days. Because the condition was not known, accommodations would have never been made available to him. This point alone eliminates our responsibilities in this case. In Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, Plaintiff-appellant, v. University of Chicago Hospitals, Defendant-appellee, (2001) a case where an employee believed she was targeted specifically for her religious beliefs, even tually resigned due to the pressure and hostile surroundings she felt at work.Her employer made specific comments to her regarding her recruiting persons for employment from her church. The employer even told her passe-partout to fire her if she did not end the practice of recruiting from her church. The EEOC was able to prove constructive discharge, where the employee felt as she must quit to avoid being fired. However, the courts stipulate it must be proven that the constructive discharge was motivated by discriminatory intent. Basically, it must be proved that not only was she forced out, but the reason behind the action was religious discrimination.The courts disagreed with this point and believed that the infirmarys actions were not motivated by religious discrimination. The relationship of this case to ours is significant. While the complainant may believe he was forced to quit due to our perceived infringement of his religious beliefs, there was no precaution in regards to forcing any employee to leave because of their religious beliefs. In addition, since the employee never made it known his need for special accommodations, we would never have been able to look to this issue with him.Steps for the future We can take a number of travel to strengthen our defenses against violations of Title VII of The Civil Rights Act of 1964 in the future. A primary strategy is to do an internal review of all company policies and procedures to see if any potential risks can be identified (Jenkins, 2004). If they are, go can be taken to decrease the potential for exposure to lawsuits by eliminating practices that are deemed wrong. Another tactic is to implement a formal explosive charge system and encourage employees to make use of it.These systems could help us break-dance and rectify any problems, real or perceived, before they lead to lawsuits. prep all members of the management team in all aspects of Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 is an imperative step in a proactive stance against potential wrongdoing. Developing diversity committees could help the entire makeup gain a better understanding of the needs of employees. Effective intercourse is the final step to help avoid issues in the future and is equal to successful and happy employees.Open communication from employee to employer cannot be stressed enough. If we listen to our employees and treat them all fairly, avoiding harassment and discrimination charges in the future will be much easier and possibly eliminated at all. A regular review by the Human Resources department will be necessary to insure continue compliance with appropriate policies and procedures that will keep us from committing violations of Title VII.Annual harassment and discrimination retraining for all personnel will help everyone gain a better understanding on what is and is not acceptable and problems may be avoided. Finally, regular communication with the EEOC can help by reply any questions we mi ght have regarding the fair and equal treatment of all employees. Blacks Law Dictionary (N. D. ). Retrieved from http//thelawdictionary. org/search/? cx=partner-pub-4620319056007131%3A7293005414&038cof=FORID%3A10&038ie=UTF-8&038q=discharge&038x=0&038y=0 Constructive Discharge (N.D. ), Retrieved from http//jobsearch. about. com/od/jobloss/g/constructivedischarge. htm EEOC V. University of Chicago Hospitals 276 F. 3d 326 Lawson v. State of Washington, 319 F. 3d 498 Court of Appeals, 9th Circuit 2003 Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, SEC. 2000e-2. Section 703 Jenkins, Lin (2004), Avoiding title VII violations employment policies and procedures. Retreived from http//goarticles. com/article/Avoiding-Title-VII-Violations-Employment-Policies-and-Procedures/2759944/

Sam Sheppard

Sam Sheppard tryouts On July 4, 1954, the married woman of a handsome young doctor, Sam Sheppard, was brut bothy murdered in the bedchamber of their home in Bay Village, Ohio, on the shore of Lake Erie. Sheppard denied either involvement in the murder and described his own battle with the sea wolf he described as bushy-haired. Starting on the day of the murder, the media began to onslaught Sheppard on any occasion they could. Stories were obtained in unethical, and nearly unlawful focuss. notwithstanding though they were permitted to do so by the courts, going into Sheppards house and smell through his belongings was not the most ethical practice.Also, though the courts besides allowed them to witness the testimony of Sheppard most his wifes death, they really shouldnt have agreed. Stories were written in an unscrupulous manner. The trial before the trial was a meeting amid the coroner, Samuel Gerber, and Sheppard, in which Gerber fired questions at Sheppard in front of t he entire company without Sheppards lawyer present. The media was allowed to sit in on this hearing and wrote stories about Sheppard being unfairly given too much lee sort as a murder suspect (law2).Finally, the amount of stories written about the trial and murder was higher than had been printed in Cleveland about a single murder. Cleveland papers printed stories virtually every single day for the distance of the situation. Most of these were speculation only, however, or editorials that were run on the front page and conceived to be actual articles. Because of the way these stories were run, the control board and most of Cleveland believed that Sheppard was, in fact, guilty (384 U. S. 333, 363). The stories written through the duration of the murder case were one of the main things that were detrimental to Sheppards case.The jurys gather in of Sheppard was adversely affected by the news stories such as the most famous one of all Somebody Is acquiring Away With Murder. The y printed biased stories that the jury members were allowed to read, which gave them a negative view of Sheppard even before he testified. News articles run by topical anesthetic papers also distorted the evidence in the case. An important segment of information that was published dealt with the blood evidence. Dr. Mohammed Tahir, a renowned forensic scientist in Indianapolis, will compare DNA from the samples with a blood stain get from a clo tick off door of the Sheppard edroom. Tahir will use a execute known as DNA amplification, often used to study decomposed samples. Sir Alec Jeffreys, the British forensic scientist who invented DNA fingerprinting in the mid-1980s, describes the procedure as winning a small amount of material and making copies and recopies in a test tube until youve got enough to type. Out of four blood samples tested, all have matched Eberlings. It gets very complicated scientifically, but essentially we have a match on the porch of Eberling, which cuts down to 0. 5 percent, or even less, that it could be anybody else, he said (Affleck, A3).One of the detectives investigating the case was quoted by a newspaper stating that scientific tests at the Sheppard home have definitely established that the cause of death washed off a trail of blood from the murder bedroom to the downstairs section. This led the public to believe that Sheppard was lying during his testimony, and believe it, they did. However, over ten years later, the authoritative Court ruled that Sheppards trial had been unfair due to the Fourteenth Amendment that everyone shall have the right to a fair trial with an impartial jury.This, of course, was something that Sheppard had not gotten, due to the media. The court saw that, and believed it was true. So, because of the medias influence over the jury before and during the trial, Sheppard was released from prison. Sam Sheppard was attacked by the medias unethical practices so much during his trial that journalism had crash new boundaries to limit the power of the press following the final verdict. Because of the way that the media went about getting stories for their papers and the way stories were written, Sheppard was released from prison.Journalism then set up new boundaries to assure that every person accused of a criminal offense got a fair and unless trial. Even though he set precedent for new practices that the media still follows, it is a shame that it took something as repulsive as his wifes murder to allow the media to see just how much power they had over justice. Work cited Affleck, John. Doctors Exhume Sam Sheppards trunk as Son Seeks to Clear Fathers Name. Associated Press. 18 September 1997 A3. . Sheppard v. Maxwell, 384 U. S. 333 (United States Supreme Court 1966). http//law2. umkc. edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/sheppard/Sheppard. htm

Historical Particularism Essay

Historical situationism is a drill of panorama that genuine in the United States during the premier half of the 20th century on a lower floor the leadership of Franz Boas. This direct of vista evolved at a time when in muniment, anthropologists were busy studying the Native American tillages which were rapidly disappearing. The of import causa behind the tireless efforts by the anthropologists in the studies was beca utilization they were committed to preserving their unique finales from the integrating that threatened them.On an some other perspective and in view of the historic context in which this school of opinion involved, it is said that Historical particularism set come in into existence as an effort to reject the evolutionism school of thought which was anterior held by anthropologists. It is indeed a paradigm in anthropology that is widely tag by a desire to move away from theories of evolution or diffusion. This school of thought criticizes them of bein g non scientific in their methods of ethnical analysis.The main motif behind the Historical particularism school of thought was that it maintained a strong focus on polishs themselves. It c eachs for a holistic approach to collar finale in their terms. This meant that detailed studies had to be done on cultures in their own terms. This was in treatation of certain aspects that were peculiar(prenominal) to the culture and community under study especi altogethery in considering their unique histories. It calls on anthropologists to vacate theorizing besides instead get down to studying seriously and conservatively the way culture is formed in respect to the environment or history.This is the holistic approach that seeks to fully understand culture as irrelevant to each form of evaluating one culture a pullst the other. harmonize to Boas, the main exponent of this school of thought, he argues that each golf-clubs culture is a watchive representation of its unique diach ronic past that shows a nap of connection with the present culture. As such he was opposed to the subroutine of assumptions in addressing the growth of the kin system and religion in society over history as presented by the evolutionist perspective.The earlier ideas held that since it was a advanced move from one state to a nonher, some societies were well forwards of others in their systems. But it was held that each would hurl to pass through the same stages as they progressed from primitive stages to the most civilized stages. Although there is the existence of general laws of valet behavior in societies, these behaviors can well be unsounded from correct studies conducted on a specific society.He held that cultures of divergent societies can have interchangeable traits due to a variety of reasons and non specifically due to the general laws of human behavior, some of the reasons could be as a import of invention, adoption from others through interrelationship in tra de or ethnic contacts while others could be turn outs of historic accidents. in that respectfore it would not be safe to argue on the stern of similarities in traits in different cultures but it calls for proper study and dread of culture in its full context.The gesture of historical particularists is seen to put more value on dramatic art throw and history as the critical methods of heathenish analysis. As such they collect vast amount of firstly gear hold cultural entropy upon which they gain information to base their descriptions of particular cultures as opposed to general theories that argon given to apply to all societies (www. mnsu. ed) Ideas of study contributors in historical particularism Franz Boas (1858-1942) is the major proponent of this school of thought and the main contributor alongside other scholars most of whom were his educatees.They contributed to the advancement of this school of thought either by financial backing him or at time by critici zing him on his work. These major see to its hold Alfred Kroeber, Ruth Benedict, Robert Lowie, Marg art Mead, Edward Sapir and Paul Radin. The major idea presented by Boas was that the ordering of societies by the evolutionism was not valid. He criticized this method as being found on assumptions since it did not have any historic evidence. Concerning the method of rucking and organizing info he said that it was not found on first travel by experiences troubleing the societies which they were describing.This is beca rehearse they mostly utilize secondary data and did not visit the societies they were studying. sooner of the ingestion of secondary data to describe a society, Boas advocated for the use of first baseball mitt information which the researcher/anthropologist obtains from the society. This was to be unruffled during fieldworks in the community. He said that the researcher should act as a participant observer. In addition he should in addition learn the term inology of the society and cerebrate like its people so as to collect the information that go outing help to describe the peoples interrelationship.This is usually done by recording life histories and folklore and then connecting them with the historical data of the society. He held case-by-cases to be very important as they formed the basic component of the society. He therefore gathered data from them and used such data for cultural analysis. Alfred Louis Kroeber (1876-1960) He was a student to Franz Boas and it was under his influence that he create interest in ethnology and linguistics. He is mostly noted and recognized for his use and development of the idea of culture as a superintendentorganic entity.He went ahead to suggest that culture had to be dismemberd through methods that were specific to the super organic nature. It is on this issue that he differed with Boas on the importance of the individual. slice Boas held that the individual is the basic component of a so ciety and therefore used data and information gathered from individuals to analyze the culture, Kroeber on the other get to did not find the individual to be an important element of the society. substitute(a)ly he said that the society evolved in line with internal laws that did not originate from its individuals.Therefore one would not analyze the individual since the devil were entirely different phenomena and needed to be treated as such. In spite of the fact that he was mentored by Boas, Kroeber disagreed with him in that while Boas emphasize much on the gathering and organizing of data showing much concern on the causal process and their description (abstract phenomena), on the other hand Kroeber was concerned with concrete phenomena and their development over time something that his mentor did not put much emphasis on (www. as. au. edu)The other noted figure in the historical particularism school of thought is Ruth Benedict (1887-1948). She was Boas student who took most of her time to conduct the extensive fieldwork in gathering data on different groups in United States. She is most noted for maturation designs like culture contour line and personality. She used the concept of culture configuration to refer to the sum of all the individual personalities of a society. She said that differences in cultural configurations were not in any way representing higher or lower capacity for cultural development.Instead they were just but alternative means by which society and experience could be organized. Robert H. Lowie (1883-1957) is another notable figure in this school of thought. He studied under Boas. He was greatly influenced by Boas on the issue of the need to collect and analyze as much data as possible. The main sources that he advocated for were the historical documents that he used to gather data with during his studies on societies. The other figures we will consider are Edward Sapir (1884-1939) and Paul Radin (1883-1959).Each of them make a epochal contribution to this school of thought. Sapirs most notable point is the inequality on the issue of the place of the individual in the society. He disagreed with the hypnotism by Kroeber that culture was separate with the individual. Paul Radins criticism of Boas methods and the concept of culture are the most notable point and contribution to this school of thought. Radin argued that it was the individual who introduced change in religion, technology and innovation into a culture.This is the dapple that he held and supported that it was the individual who shaped culture and not culture shaping the individual as earlier held. Almost all the major figures mentioned in the historical particularism approach disagreed on the definition of culture. Franz Boaz viewed culture as a set of customs, social institutions and beliefs that characterized any particular society and were defined by the environmental conditions and other historical events. In his view which was different from Boas, Kroeber viewed culture as a separate entity from the individual that followed its own laws (super organic).When we consider Benedicts view, culture was described as the basic shipway of living by a group of people. Sapir on the other hand argued that culture was not contained in the society itself but consisted of many interactions among the individuals and the society. It is Radin who stressed on the role of the individual as an agent of cultural change. In his argument he said the culture is molded by the individual through innovations. As such it was dependent on the individual for progress and change. Historical particularism and relationship to other schools of thoughtHistorical particularism real as an alternative approach to the socio-cultural theories that were proposed by both evolutionists and diffusionists and were judged by this school as being unprovable. The evolutionists held that human beings shared some set of characteristics and modes of thought whi ch transcended individual cultures. This meant that cultural development of individual societies would move through similar series of development. This led to comparison between societies on their development levels which were based on their mental development.In order to explain what happened over history diffusion was used as an approach to accomplish this. This thought argued that all culture and civilization developed only once and spread out to the other places in the world through peoples migration. In simpler terms, this school held that cultures were tied together in form of common origin. This idea was not fully convincing especially in explaining own inventions and other forms of cultures that were in different places in the world.It was in view of these different schools of thought and their inability to explain and prove all that happened over history pertaining to cultural change that historical particularism was developed. According to this school of thought, detailed regional studies of culture had to be done in order to discover the distribution of culture traits and also the processes of cultural change. It mostly seeks a reconstruction of their histories. Data is collected on all aspects of different human societies so as to be able to make accurate generalization about cultural development.According to the historical particularists, racial implications in defining cultural development in line with mental development were to show the European society as the end of the sequence in development. This was not in order since it would be hard for one to interpret cultural change unless observations are first done. These observations should be based on the perspective of the society they are describing. This made the major stand for historical particularists that it was necessary for the investigation to examine all available evidence for a society before beginning of an investigation.There are so many different stimuli that contribute to the develo pment of culture and as such development can only be understood by first examining the specific culture in order to come in the sources of stimuli. It is only after doing this, as advocated by the historical particularists that theories of cultural development can be constructed. An important fact is that these theories should be based on studies that have been carried out over a period of time. Historical facts are also very important and should be considered in the studies. Lasting contributions of historical particularistsAccording to the historical particularists each society has its own unique historical development and should be understood based on its own specific cultural context. A major emphasis is placed on the historical process which is a major determinant of a societys culture and level of development. Therefore, any attempts to understand a society based on the idea that all cultures and societies follow the same trend in their development process is misguided. As su ch, particularists contributed so much on the basis upon which societies were evaluated.This school of thought hold that each society should be looked at individually based on proper studies and enough information if any judgment is to be made. It advocated for ethnographic fieldwork in order to collect first hand cultural data from which information is gained to help describe particular cultures. This has gone a long way in changing supposition formulation about culture and society. This school of thought helped to abolish the use of established general theories for all societies since it takes fieldwork and history as methods of cultural analysis.It also called for an end to ethnocentrism in the field of anthropology and instead advocated for the anthropologists to use ethnological fieldwork to gather sound evidence that can be used when analyzing culture. This has helped in understanding of culture in its full context and in their terms. This is because this school of thought ha s not favored the evaluation of one culture against another. This school of thought has also succeeded in excluding racism from anthropology and issues that have to do with judgment of cultures and societies as regards development issues.This is because it has advocated for the full understanding of the culture under judgment including its language and way of thought. Once this is done by the anthropologists, then racist judgments and use of pre-conceived ideas will not influence the judgments made. It was also as a result of the work of the influence of this school of thought that research began to focus on differences rather than on similarities between societies( Moore 2004) a turn that remained in the field of study for a long time.

Performance of Cardboard Carton Forms

PERFORMANCE OF CARDBOARD CARTON FORMS Abstract composition board carton forms ( forefend recessionwoodes) are comm and engagementd to form the fend off quadrangle between the stern of scotch beams and slabs over princely obscenitys. However, separate than research lab compression leavens and 100% humidity sieves, there is little documentation for the developed practiceance of these street corneres in place. This paper summarizes field tests dvirtuoso in an plan of attack to take over actual conditions to answer the following drumheads Do the disasteres deterio say at an acceptable rate? Does the wax coating or impregnation and a polyethylene vapor bar make believe declension? Will the boxes snap under heave conditions? Are trapezoidal boxes appropriate and do they perform in an acceptable manner? Which type of boxes are appropriate in each situation? What are some of the reflection considerations necessary to look proper function of the boxes? Two config urations of boxes were utilize Vertical Cell and cut Type II. Initial Test 1 procedure It was initially dogged to pour a test slab over 4 stage sets of void boxes.each box was 4 ft x 4ft x 8 in deep. cover was poured on top and all around each box to simulate actual conditions. Four 1 ft x 1 ft steel forms were determined on top of each box for the purpose of loading each box at disparate intervals to determine if they had deteriorated. whole boxes for the first test were unsloped cell. for each star box was placed with different conditions Void box with no poly anywhere Void box with poly imprisoned all around Void box with poly on top only Void box with poly on tin only Test set up with boxes and loading pads Placing concrete over boxes.The procedure was to pour the concrete and test the capacitor of the boxes once a week to determine the rate of deterioration. Description of results Week 1 Each box was loaded with two hundred psf and no deflection was observe d Week 2 Each box was loaded with 400 psf with no deflection Week 3 Each box was loaded with 400 psf with no deflection. The box with poly on bottom was swamp with water to accelerate deterioration Week 4 Each box was loaded with 400 psf. The box that had been flooded with water had 3/8 deflection.All the other boxes had no deflection Week 5 The test pad on the boxes with no poly and the one with poly on bottom were removed(p) to view the boxes. It was discovered that the top of the artificial had stuck to the concrete ca using the cardboard to span across the opening thus giving erroneous information. both of the boxes appeared to receive significant strength but were destroyed in the removal process and could non be tried and true. Week 6 The two be boxes, the one with poly all around and the one with poly on top had the concrete removed to expose the boxes.The boxes were tested with over 400 psf and still had piling of capacity with little deterioration. The box wit h poly wrapped all around had a little water in the box, maybe a cupful, but this did non deteriorate the box. The source of the water is unknown, possibly from when the adjacent box was flooded with water. III. Test 2 subrtabooine 1. Two vertical cell boxes with no wax were interred in sand and uncovered after one week to view the rate of deterioration The boxes and loaded with a 50 pound weight and they immediately. 2.A Vertical Cells beam box with wax and a gash Type Beam Box with wax were buried in sand for one week. The buried boxes were tested by standing on them, there was nominal deflection which indicates the wax has a definite invasion on the deterioration rate. 3. Two vertical boxes with wax were buried in sand for tercet weeks. One was completely covered in poly and the other had no poly. Both boxes showed no appreciable deterioration after three weeks. Since the boxes with no wax droped after one week under the same conditions, it is assumed that the wax and th e poly significantly slow deterioration.IV. Test 3 Procedure Two boxes, one coloured type box and one vertical cells were wrapped in poly with a cup of water added to simulate a 100% humidity condition. The next day, the vertical box collapsed immediately. The coloured box did non collapse Two boxes with no wax were buried in sand Box after one week sitting 50 pound block in middle except on the sides. A box with a capacity of only 200 psf was tested and failed with convention construction loads and therefore, considered not acceptable. V. Summary of ceremonial occasions From Tests 1-3 1. Testing the boxes from the top gives disappointing results. . The bottom of the boxes deteriorate first and destroys the glue between the verticals and the bottom on the Vertical boxes. 3. Covering the bottom of the boxes with poly (the top of the sub- soft touch) slows down or wampum the deterioration of the boxes. 4. There is not enough wet coming out of the slab to deteriorate the boxes. 5. The Diagonal boxes are truly weak on the sides and precise upstanding in the middle. 6. The Diagonal boxes deteriorate slower because of the wax impregnation. 7. Boxes with no wax analysem to deteriorate at an acceptable rate. 8.Covering the entire box with poly stopped any deterioration. VI. Initial Conclusions 1. Boxes should be tested from the bottom, not the top. Since expansive priming heaves, the boxes should be tested from the bottom. The initial deterioration is on the bottom and therefore, the box is weaker when loaded from the bottom. 2. Boxes under the slab should be constructed with no wax if possible. 3. Diagonal Type boxes which are wax impregnated and have strong vertical and bezzant members deteriorate much slower and they possibly stay too strong under slabs. . New tests were devised using waterbeds to load the void boxes from the bottom. Refer to the definition of waterbed tests. VII. Test 4 piss Bed Test It was determined by the initial testing procedur e that the void boxes need to be tested in place from the bottom. A 25 ft x 37 ft test slab was built with one of the purposes to test the void boxes and other purpose was to test analytical methods of designing flat slabs for houses. Five waterbeds were placed below the sub- stain under the void boxes. One was queen size and quartet were twin size. deuce-ace of the waterbeds had Vertical Boxes with no wax on top of them, one had to the full waxed Vertical beam boxes and one had a Diagonal slab box. The purpose of using the waterbeds was an attempt to simulate actual utter of soil and to test an in place situation on an actual project. The waterbed was buried in the subgrade while constructing the slab. after(prenominal) a period of time, the waterbeds were filled to see if the void boxes collapse or if pressure is exerted on the slab indicating full capacity boxes without deterioration. Steel terminals were welded to plates which rested on top of the sub-grade above the water bed.This rod was sleeved through the slab with pvc pipe. The purpose of these indicator rods was that when the waterbed filled up, if the top of the rod raised up also, the void boxes collapsed. VIII. Results The Water Bed Test Three weeks after the slab was poured, the waterbeds were filled. All five waterbed indicators rose quickly and to a uttermost height of 7 inches. The void boxes were 8 inches deep at these points, therefore, the boxes were fully collapsed. No deflection or distress was observed in the slab therefore, the test was booming. Three of the test were done with a subgrade that had ? nch rain on it the iniquity before placing the concrete. The waxed boxes were placed in a very dry, blond subgrade in over 100 degree brave out, trying to simulate the driest of conditions. Observation holes which were 4 inch in diameter were located to monitor the deterioration of the void boxes. It was observed that for close to two weeks after the slab was poured, the humidity was very high in the void space with a great circularize of heat generated. Slab indicators showing the heaving of the soil and therefore the visitation of the boxes IX. Conclusions From Water Bed Tests 1.After three weeks all boxes had lost enough strength to cling to the slab from pressure. 2. After three weeks, even boxes which are waxed will fail adequately. All boxes tested were of the vertical cell type. 3. This test was very successful and the use of waterbeds is an excellent method to test void boxes. X. Test 5 Effect of Integral Retainers and Earth Forming As published in the Fall, 1997 minutes of the Texas Section of The American Society of Civil Engineers, Mr. Robert Davis, P. E. tested trapezoidal void boxes to determine if they fail under construction loads.His conclusion was that trapezoidal boxes of the diagonal type fail when used under a grade beam. We have also seen this in the field and agree with the findings. However, some engineers still use the integral co ncrete retainers. This test was to determine if earth formed grade beams with trapezoidal boxes and the integral concrete retainers are appropriate. A testing frame-up was constructed to test different box and retainer configurations. The test was constructed to push up from the bottom with highly expansive fat clays below the simulated grade beam.Hydraulic jacks were used under the expansive soil to simulate the heaving of expansive soil. A weight equivalent to 200 psf was applied to the grade beam. The friction of the soil plus the bearing on the end of the concrete retainer caused the box to freely move upward. XI. Project Experience-Performance of Boxes under mannikin Beams About the time of our tests, a construction project was completed using diagonal type beam boxes under formed concrete beams. roughly 1000 feet of grade beams were set up in dry weather and normal conditions. The concrete was placed at inch slump and vibrated. After the forms were removed, it was discovered that approximately 20 percent of the void boxes failed. The contractor was instructed to dapple off all excess concrete that invaded the void space which took approximately three days to accomplish. The next 1000 feet of grade beams were set up using vertical cell boxes under the same conditions with the same contractor. No boxes failed on this second pour. View of failed boxes XII. Suggested Procedure for Filling Gaps The weakest point of failure for void boxes is on the ends and especially at the intersection with piers.After experimenting with several methods, I have put that common expandable foam as found in hardware stores works excellent in filling gaps and providing a tight form during construction. I recommend all gaps and holes between boxes and at the intersection with piers be filled with this foam. The cost is nominal for a exemplary project. Expandable Foam used to fill gaps XIII. Final Conclusions and Recommendations 1. All boxes essential have moisture in order to deteriorate properly. Therefore, the boxes should not be completely wrapped in poly which is a common practice of contractors. . The moisture from the subgrade plus the hydration of the concrete appear to provide adequate deterioration of the boxes. The void boxes appear to fail from the bottom to the top. 3. A moisture barrier (polyethylene) should not be used below the boxes because it does not allow deterioration from the subgrade below. 4. A moisture barrier (poly) on top of the boxes may affect the hydration of the concrete and therefore the humidity in the void space. This barrier also increases the hazard of excessive shrinkage cracks and therefore should not be used for that reason.The question of if this barrier is necessary to prevent moisture migration through the slab and thus affect any floor covering is not a subject of this paper. However, this reference has not encountered this problem and therefore, does not recommend placing a vapor barrier on top of the boxes . 5. A layer of ? inch thick masonite should be used on top of all boxes under a slab area. This distributes the severe loads due to the rebar bolsters and construction loads. It is our experience that the cardboard cover sheets supplied by the box manufacturers are not adequate for the construction loads.Masonite of less burdensomeness will curl and is not recommended. Plywood or OSB board is not recommended because of termites. 6. Trapezoidal boxes should not be used because the concrete retainers transfer forces from the expanding soil to the concrete beam above. There is also evidence that these boxes fail during construction if they are of the diagonal cell configuration. 7. Expandable foam should be used to fill all gaps between boxes and at pier locations. REFERENCE www. foundationperformance. org causation NAME _ DAVID K. ISBELL, P. E.

Critical Analysis on Bonded Labour System Analysis Act, 1976

Critical Analysis on Bonded fag out dodging (abolition) act, 1976 SALIENT FEATURES OF THE BONDED LABOUR SYSTEM (ABOLITION) ACT, 1976 This operate provides for the abolition of the system of bonded outwear. It freed cardinal-sidedly in all the bonded promoteers from bondage with simultaneous liquidation of their debts. The Act does away with both obligation of a bonded labourer to repay whatever bonded debt it alike dispenses with the incoming liability of repaying a bonded debt.The law provides that (a) no suit or different proceedings shall be instituted in whatever Civil salute for the convalescence of either bonded debt (b) every attachment made sooner the fount of the Act for the convalescence of whatever bonded debt shall stand vacated and (c) much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) movable property shall be restored to the bonded labourer. The district and sub-divisional magistrates befuddle been entrusted with certain duties/responsibilities towards centeruation of statutory provisions.Under Section-13 of the Act, Vigilance Committees atomic issue forth 18 undeniable to be constituted at the district and sub-divisional level for implementation of the provisions of the law. They ar composite bodies with representatives from different cross sections of the society and have a life of 2 years. Registers containing the names and addresses of all freed bonded labourers, their vacation, occupation and income, expatiate of the benefits received atomic number 18 required to be maintained under the Bonded fight System (Abolition) Rules. The Act provides for imprisonment up to 3 years and mulct up to Rs. 2000/- to whoever compels any person to render any bonded labour and whoever advances any bonded debt. An offensive activity detailed surveys in their commonwealths. The same information was submitted to the Supreme Court by the domain governing bodys in the form of affidavits in 1997. ?One ILO acoustic projection that is to say Prevention of Family liability with Micro Finance evasion and relate Services is being implemented in trinity States, namely Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu and Karnataka.The objective of the project is to get down existing micro finance institutions to develop, establish and offer savings and give products, particularly tailor-made for vulnerable families at the risk of getting into debt traps. The found focus of the project is on preventing borderline families from falling into debt bondage and also to ensure sustainable renewal of freed bonded labourers. ground on its experience, a deterrent example could be considered for replication or cover in other parts of the Country. Liability to repay bonded debt to stand extinguished.On the commencement of this Act, every obligation of a bonded labourer to repay any bonded debt, or much(prenominal) part of any bonded debt as remains unsatisfied at once before such commencement, shall be deemed to have been extinguished. After the commencement of this Act, no suit or other proceeding shall lie in any civil court or before any other potential for the recovery of any bonded debt or any part thereof. Every enactment or order for the recovery of bonded debt, passed before the commencement of this Act and not fully satisfied before such commencement, shall be deemed, on such commencement, to have been fully satisfied.Every attachment made before the commencement of this Act, for the recovery of any bonded debt, shall, on such commencement, stand vacated and, where, in pursuance of such attachment, any movable property of the bonded labourer was seized and removed from his custody and unbroken in the custody of any court or other allowance pending sale thereof, such movable property shall be restored, as soon as whitethorn be practicable after such commencement, to the possession of the bonded labourer. Property of bonded labourer to be freed from mortgage, etc.All property vested in a bonded laboure r which was, immediately before the commencement of this Act under any mortgage, deplumate, spleen or other encumbrances in connection with any bonded debt shall, in so far as it is relatable to the bonded debt, stand freed and discharged from such mortgage, charge, irascibility or other encumbrances, and where any such property was, immediately before the commencement of this Act, in the possession of the mortgagee or the holder of the charge, lien or encumbrance, such property shall (except where it was subject to any other charge), on such commencement, be restored to the possession of the bonded labourer.If any delay is made in restoring any property, referred to in sub-section (1), to the possession of the bonded labourer, such labourer shall be entitled, on and from the date of such commencement, to recover from the mortgagee or holder of the lien, charge or encumbrance, such mesne profits as may be determine by the civil court of the lowest pecuniary jurisdiction at hear t the local limits of whose jurisdiction such property is situated. Authorities who may be specified for implementing the provisions of this Act. The State Government may confer such powers and impose such duties on a District Magistrate as may be necessary to ensure that the provisions of this Act are correctly carried out and the District Magistrate may specify the officer, subordinate to him, who shall exercise all or any of the powers, and perform all or any of the duties, so conferred or imposed and the local limits within which such powers or duties shall be carried out by the officer so specified.Vigilance Committees. Every State Government shall, by notification in the Official Gazette, constitute such number of Vigilance Committees in each district and each Sub-Division as it may think fit.Each Vigilance Committee, constituted for a district, shall consist of the following members, namely &8212 (a) the District Magistrate, or a person put forward by him, who shall be the Chairman (b) three persons belonging to the Scheduled Castes or Scheduled Tribes and residing in the district, to be nominated by the District Magistrate (c) two social workers, occupier in the district, to be nominated by the District Magistrate (d) not much than three persons to represent the official or non-official agencies in the district committed with rural victimisation, to be nominated by the State Government (e) one person to represent the financial and credit institutions in the district, to be nominated by the District Magistrate. Act to have overriding effect. The provisions of this Act shall have effect notwithstanding anything inconsistent therewith contained in any enactment other than this Act, or in any instrument having effect by virtue of any enactment other than this Act. Agreement, custom, etc. , to be void. On the commencement of this Act, any custom or tradition or any contract, agreement or other instrument (whether entered into or punish before or after the commencement of this Act), by virtue of which any person, or any member of the family or dependant of such person, is required to do any work or render any assist as a bonded labourer, shall be void and inoperative. CONSTRAINTS Bonded restriction System is a dynamic problem it foundation occur and reoccur at any menstruation of time in any industry or occupation. Once the bonded labourers are identified and released, in case they are not immediately rehabilitated, they turn even worse off as compared to the situation when they were bonded and were at least(prenominal) able to survive by getting two square meals. inappropriate to the traditional perception that bonded labour is confined to the agricultural sector alone, it can also occur and reoccur in any form of economic use such as, agriculture, brick-kiln, stone quarries, carpet weaving, pisciculture, etc. , CONSTITUTIONAL AND LEGAL pabulum The Constitution of India guarantees to all its citizens- justice, social, economic and political, freedom of thought, expression, belief, faith and worship, equity of billet and opportunity and fraternity, dignity of individual and unity of the Nation. Under Article 23 of the ConstitutionTraffic in human beings and beggar and other similar forms of forced labour are prohibited and any contravention of this provision shall be an offence punishable in accordance with law. Bonded poke System (Abolition) Ordinance was promulgated. Which was by and by on replaced by the Bonded Labour System (Abolition) Act, 1976. CENTRALLY SPONSORED PLAN organization FOR REHABILITATION OF BONDED LABOURIn order to assist the State Governments in their task of rehabilitation of released bonded labourers, the Ministry of Labour launched a Centrally Sponsored Scheme since May, 1978 for rehabilitation of bonded labourers. Under this Scheme rehabilitation assistance of Rs. 20,000/- per freed bonded labour is provided, which is shared by the Central and State Governments on 50 50 basis in the case of the sevensome North Eastern States, 100% central assistance if they express their unfitness to provide their share. The Scheme also provide for financing of the following activities. Rs. 2. 00 hundred thousand per sensitive district can be provided to concerned state politics to conduct survey for identification of bonded labour once in three years. Central assistance of Rs. 10. 00 lakhs every year can be okay to every tate organization to undertake awareness generation activities relating to bonded labour system. Rs. 5. 00 lakh per year can be sanctioned to every state government to study impact of existing land-debt related issues affecting bonded labourers and the impact of pauperization alleviation programmes and financial assistance provided by various Government sources so far. Besides above the States Governments have also been advised to integrate/ fit the Centrally Sponsored Scheme for rehabilitation of bonded labour with other ongoing pau perisation alleviation schemes such as Swaran Jayanti Gram Swa Rojgar Yojana (SJGSRY), Special Component political platform for Supreme Court, Tribal Sub-Plan etc.Accordingly, the rehabilitation package provided by the concerned express Governments for the freed bonded labourers includes the following major components (i) Allotment of house-site and agricultural land (ii) Land development (iii) Provision of low cost dwelling units (iv) Animal husbandry, dairy, poultry, piggery etc. (v) Training for acquiring new skills developing existing skills (vi) Wage employment, enforcement of minimal wages etc. (vii) Collection and processing of minor forest products (viii) sum up of essential commodities under targeted public distribution system (ix) Education for children and (x) security measure of civil rights.INTERNATIONAL LABOUR ORGANISATION AND FORCED/ BONDED LABOUR There are two ILO Conventions, Convention No. 29 concerning Forced or needed labour (1930) and Convention No. 105 concerning Abolition of Forced Labour (1957). Government of India has ratified both the Conventions. Before the 89th Session of the International Labour Conference (June 2001) the Director General of ILO submitted a global report on Stopping Forced Labour. This report contained references regarding incidences of bonded labour in India on the basis of survey conducted by the Gandhi quiet Foundation and field Labour Institute and also the estimates of some other NGOs.The Gandhi Peace Foundation and the National Labour Institute conducted a survey in 1978-79, which had estimated the number of bonded labour as 2. 6 million. This survey was based on a ergodic sample drawn from a aggregate of 4,50,199 villages in the ten selected States. Finally, super C villages from out of the 4,50,000 villages were selected. Every 450th villages in the census list of villages of each State starting with a random number was selected for the survey. The findings of the survey in see of the above 1000 villages were multiplied by 450 to find out the total number of bonded labourers in ten States. Since the methodology adopted by the Gandhi Peace Foundation was not scientific the Government have not reliable their estimates.The need for having authentic data on number of bonded labourers in India was emphasized. It was urged that countywide and authoritative survey might be conducted in this regard. From the Government side, it was express that the Government has strong will and intent to abolish and totally ostracise the bonded labour system from every nook and corner of the country. It was indicated that the Government of Indias estimates of bonded labour, as also reported in the following pages, were based on the information submitted by the concerned State Governments after conducting detailed surveys in their States. The same information was submitted to the Supreme Court by the State Governments in the form of affidavits in 1997. One ILO project namely Prevention of Family Indebtedness with Micro Finance Scheme and Related Services is being implemented in three States, namely Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu and Karnataka. The objective of the project is to induce existing micro finance institutions to develop, test and offer savings and loan products, particularly tailor-made for vulnerable families at the risk of getting into debt traps. The prime focus of the project is on preventing marginal families from falling into debt bondage and also to ensure sustainable rehabilitation of freed bonded labourers. Based on its experience, a model could be considered for replication orapplication in other parts of the Country.

Annotated Bibliography Essay

In order for NHS to satisfy its urgency to steer large medical imaging files in a incidentally and secure manner, they must be able to subscribe to circuits of the appropriate bandwidth at apiece remote office to address the local needs. Unfortunately, the remoteness of round of these stances have resulted in the limitation of network connectivity options. Therefore, the cost-effective alternative to expensive, high-bandwidth earnings circuits is to use a WAN optimisation solution.A WAN optimisation solution consists of a network appliance at each location that focuses on increasing network performance. It accomplishes this through the use of a cabal of data compression, content and object-caching, data deduplication and protocol optimization. A WAN optimization appliance works in conjunction with the available bandwidth at a location. The host site would have an appliance that would build acceleration tunnels to each of the appliances located at the remote sites. The appli ances at the remote sites would be surface based upon the topic of users and the available bandwidth at that location.This solution has a number of advantages. It is a very cost-effective approach. Higher bandwidth circuits in remote areas head for the hills to be expensive. The purchase of network appliances are normally a not bad(p) spending that can be amortized over the life of the product. This timeframe is normally 3 to 5 years. On the other hand, the addition of larger circuits is an operational expenditure that incurs a higher recurring cost on a periodical basis. Secondly, these appliances are transparent to the end user. They do not require surplus software on the users computers, or require any special setup on a per-user basis.NHS would very likely fall into the Early Adopters course of instruction in the Technological Acceptance Curve for this solution (Rogers, 2003). These individuals quickly bribe into an idea when the possibility of real benefits have been established. They are primarily concern with finding a strong match between their needs and the pass judgment benefits (Moore, 1999). The use of WAN optimization appliances would be an excellent fit for NHS and would be easily accepted by NHS management due to the ability to show an optimal, technical and cost-effective resolution to the issue they are facing at the remote locations. This solution would allow them the means to meet their requirement to transmit large data files.ReferencesRogers, Everett (2003). Diffusion of Innovations (5th Edition). New York, NY FreePressMoore, Geoffrey (1999). crossover the Chasm. United States Harper BusinessEssentials

Athena in Greek Mythology Essay

ii Outline Thesis genus Athene is regarded as a properly cleaning ladyly frame of reference in spite of appearance classic mythology however in that location ar obvious contradictions surrounded by the perception of genus Athene and the reality of how the goddess is be within Hellenic Literature and these contradictions request to be examined given classical Literatures foundational routine in molding our perceptions of a heroine. I. Description how women were viewed in antiqueatd Greece II.Common perception of genus Athene in Grecian Mythology a) Goddess of War b) decent c) Equal to Zeus III. Role that genus Athene truly played as Zeuss daughter a) Non threatening enable the end of Kingship of enlightenment b) Virgin daughter, purity IV. Examples confirming the repositioning of genus Athene as a determent to women within Greek finis a) genus Athene and Poseidon clash all over Athens b) genus Athenes m othering affair in Odyssey c) genus Athenes role within Aeschy luss Eumenides V.genus Athenes bureau within Greek Mythology has proven to be a false depiction for the empowerment of women. iii Abstract Athena is regarded as a powerful young-bearing(prenominal) figure within Greek mythology however there atomic number 18 obvious contradictions between the perception of Athena and the reality of how the goddess is represented within Greek Literature and these contradictions need to be examined given Greek Literatures foundational role in molding our perceptions of a heroine.The undercurrent of conflicting messages between Athenas iconic state as a powerful goddess and the ordinary oppression of Greek woman supports the notion that there might be more(prenominal) to Athena then first meets the eye. Common myth and 2 great works of ancient Greek literature are employ to support the thesis that Athena may have been a bill of oppression used a compassst the women of ancient Greece. 1 The Importance of Athena in Greek Mythology The foremost powerful female figure in Greek Mythology was Athena, the grey eyed goddess.She is often hailed as cosmos an icon for female power within Greek literature. This misperception adds to the mystic that Greek civilization was socially evolved beyond its time. By taking a closer escort at how Athena was immortalized within the Parthenon, the role that the Goddess played in bell ringers Odyssey , and her role in Aeschyluss Eumenides it quickly operates assoil that we have been romanticizing Athenas power. By pulling tush the pallium on the obvious and revealing what resides just below the surface a new pictures comes into focus.Athena is regarded as a powerful female figure within Greek mythology however there are obvious contradictions between the perception of Athena and the reality of how the goddess is represented within Greek Literature, and these contradictions need to be examined given Greek Literatures foundational role in molding our perceptions of a heroine. To begin with it is important to come to a agreement regarding the effortless bearing of an Athenian woman in Ancient Greece. Based upon the reading that I have done, there is little dispute that the women of that time had virtually no sounds.The Ancient Greek society in many ways mirrors like a shots modern conservative cultures of the middles east, as it pertains to womens rights. The Greek culture was highly patriarchal. Ancient women were considered property of their experiences at the time of their birth, and then transferred to become the property of their husbands directly after marriage. Young women were often forced to adopt men twice their age, whom they had never met. Women, of course, had no right to vote, no right to own property and oddly enough were not allowed to watch the iconic Olympic games.However, the most mind numbing realization for me was that women were not allowed to submit the house without permission. Women were not permitted to wonder in commonplace unless th ey had an explicit primer approved by their husband. It is suspicious to me that given all of these widely authorized facts that we would so easily accept that Greek men were creating characters of power as great as Athenas perceived power. If anything, I do give these Ancient Greek authors credit for being sly.They created a goddess whom Greek men could idealize as the perfect woman, fearing her power, objet dart at the same time defining an all powerful goddess who was implemental to men. 2 A general definition of Athena provides us with an subject to contrast against the average Athenian woman. Harris and Platzner provide a general commentary of Athenas power in Classical Mythology Images & Insights. A powerful description is levied by the authors, Athena, a potent manifestation of her fathers creative intelligence (82).Athena is widely known as the goddess of intuition and war. She is hailed as the protector of Athens and the equal to the omnipresent Zeus. However, and this is a big however, that is only upon first glance. As we dig deeper into Athenas story a new spin begins to present itself. First, the legend of Athenas remarkable birth, which in actualization is only a reflectivity of Zeuss illustriousness. Athena is said to have sprung from Zeuss head. The depiction of her birth is on the east pediment of the Parthenon, which ensures its role in the daily lives of Greek men.Zeus in an effort to deny the prophecy that Metis would someday bore a fry who would overthrow his power he ate Metis. By ingesting Metis he also ingests her powers and Athena his unborn daughter. In belief Zeus then gives birth, the ONLY uniquely female power that existed in Ancient Greece. Athena, now being directly sprung from the body of her father is ever faithful, as he is now part of her. In this one brush myth Zeus outwits Metis, overcomes his fate, gives birth and creates an equal virginal partner whom has an without end faithfulness to her father.Even the focus on her virginal state, associates her with the traditional imagination of ownership by a womans father until she is married. Athenas very birth contributes to increasing Zeuss greatness and defining women as submissive. The second key piece of important cultivation regarding why Athena was born a woman, is simple and calculated. The fact that Athena is a woman ends the tradition of The Kingdom of Heaven, and ensures Zeuss tower rule. If she were born a man, there would be threat of usurpation. Ss a woman with no husband she serves no threat.Again, a myth calculated to support the greatness of Zeus. 3 The west side of the Parthenon serves as another subject of how a myth, at first glance, appearing to support the great wisdom of Athena but in the end this myth serves the purpose of Greek men, and serves to repress Greek women. The west pediment depicts the contest between Athena and Poseidon for the sponsorship of Athens. Athena is said to have won the favor of the Greeks by offering an olive tree to the people of Athens. Poseidon offered the city a salt water overflow which was rejected, thus offending Poseidon.Multiple points jump from the flavor of this myth. First, the obvious, by choosing Athena over Poseidon the Greek men have a direct colligate to Zeus. She is chosen because she is well connected Secondly, and more manipulatively, in order to alleviate Poseidons wrath Greek woman are continued to be punished and not given the right to vote. The first advancement of a woman into a powerful position generates a backlash that pull up s keeps ensure that no woman is ever given any strong form of power within Greek Culture (Harris and Platzner 9).The irony in this is so deep that it is almost comical. We have now established that the two key myths used to define Athenas power are in actuality undermining her power. If anything, we begin to view her as Zeuss public relations consultant. Now by looking at the way that Greek writers have transla ted Athenas powers into actions, we can see that these nuances did not go unnoticed by Greeces creative thinkers. A subtle mannikin exists within Homers depiction of Athena in The Odyssey. Athena plays a motherly role to both Odysseus and Telemachus.She never gets directly snarled in any conflict, she only provides guidance and support for the men. She is fulfilling the nurturing traditional role of a mother. In the stories opening when Athena disguises herself as Mentor (a man) to gain the trust of Telemachus her purpose is only to guide him on his path to manhood. She encourages him to take a stand on the issue of his mothers disrespectful suitors and to go on a rite of passage journey to find his father. The book is riddle with lawsuits of how Athena provides a soft touch is supporting the advancement of Odysseuss cause.She organizes the ship for Telemachuss journey. She pleads with Zeus on their behalf in Book 5, she appears in a dream to Phaeacian urging her to be at the riv er to help Odysseus when we washes to shore. The itemisation goes on and on, in Book 20 Athena helps Odysseus in his mend to overtake the suitors by ensuring the suitors antagonize the disguised Odysseus, which feeds his desire to win back Penelope. All of these actions mirror that of a mother, trying to encourage the best for and from her children.This come on supports the notion that women in Athens are supposed to be the sign of the zodiac support, and support the success of their fathers, and then their husbands. 4 The most glaring example of misuse of Athenas perceived power occurs in Aeschylus, Eumenides. A jury is organized to judge Orestes for killing his mother and his fathers murder, Aegisthus. It is agreed that if the jury cannot come to an agreement of Orestes guilt then Athena will make the final decision. Athenas ultimate finding of fact reads as follows, The final judgment rests with me, and I Announce that my vote shall be given to Orestes.No mother gave me birt h, and in all things Save marriage I commend with all my heart The masculine, my fathers child indeed. Therefore I cannot hold in higher esteem A woman killed because she killed her husband. If the votes are equal, Orestes wins. Let the appointed officers proceed To empty the urns and sum up the votes (H & P 636). Athena says she is the servant of her father in this speech. here(predicate) is a son who has killed his own mother, and Athena explicitly states that she values the life of Orestes father greater than the life of his mother, Clytemnestra.Even when the literature explicitly gives Athena power, she only uses it to further confirm the dominance of men within Greek society. I am positive that there are numerous other examples that support my notion of a dual sided Athena. Every example that I found of Athena within Greek literature allows for a a priori positioning of Athena as a Greek tool of female oppression. Athena is the Ancient Greeks version of the women in the fortify commercials in the 50s, Cindy Brady in the 70s, or even more accurately the 5 Britney Spears of today.At first glance one thinks its nice to see positive imagines of women, but when you begin to look a little closer one can clearly see the shackles. 6 Working Bibliography Graham, Casey, Ancient Athenian Women. http//www. angelfire. com/ca3/ancientchix/ Harris, Stephen L, and Platzner, Gloria. Classical Mythology Images and Insights. 5th Edition. McGraw-Hill. 2008. Role of Women in Ancient Greece. http//www. factsmonk. com/role_of_women_in_ancient_greece Stebbins, Elinor. Pallas Athena, Goddess of Wisdom. <http//www. arthistory. sbc. edu/imageswomen/papers/stebbinsathena/athena2. html>